STK39, overexpressed in osteosarcoma, regulates osteosarcoma cell invasion and proliferation.

Serine/threonine kinase 39 (STK39) is associated with hypertension, autism, Parkinson's disease and various types of cancer in recent years. This study investigated STK39 expression and possible roles in osteosarcoma using qPCR and western blot analysis. Compared to normal bone tissues, the mRNA and protein expression of STK39 was found to be upregulated in osteosarcoma. Using small interfering RNA transfection, STK39 was knocked down into two cell lines of osteosarcoma, U2OS and MG63, and the effects exerted on cell functioning were examined. The results showed that STK39 downregulation inhibited ostesarcoma cell proliferation and invasion. Moreover, STK39 knockdown in osteosarcoma cells significantly affected the expression of proteins connected to cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen and p21) and invasion [Twist1, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9]. Phosphorylation of Smad2/3 was reduced by STK39 knock down. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that STK39 was overexpressed in osteosarcoma. STK39 may serve as an oncogene by adjusting the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells.

Introduction

Osteosarcoma is a kind of primary bone tumor most commonly seen in juveniles (1). The five-year survival rate of this disease has risen to 50–60% thanks to aggressive progress in diagnostic and treating technologies (2,3). However, the same outcomes are not applicable for patients with metastasis or recrudescent disease (4).

Therefore, it is crucial to optimize therapeutic options and improve the prognosis by exploring the mechanism of molecule that underlies the development and progression of osteosarcoma.

Serine/threonine kinase 39 (STK39, also known as SPAK/PASK), attaching to Ste20-like kinase family (5), contains a catalytic domain, proline and alanine repeats (PAPA box) and nuclear localization signal peptide (6). STK39 has been demonstrated to participate in stress response via activating p38 MAPK (6). Its association with human diseases, including hypertension (7,8), autism (9), Parkinson's disease (10) and various types of cancer (11–13), has been investigated. Unfortunately, we know little about the expression and possible biologic roles of STK39 in osteosarcoma.

The aim of the present study was to compare the expression levels of STK39 between osteosarcoma and normal bone tissues. Its expression was downregulated in two osteosarcoma cell lines by RNA interference (RNAi). The study aimed to examine this expression on the function of cell proliferation and invasion. The results suggested that STK39 may be an oncogene during osteosarcoma progression.

Materials and methods

Patients and tissue samples

Study approval was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee of Shanghai First People's Hospital (Shanghai, China), enrolling 15 patients suffering bone cysts and 25 patients suffering osteosarcoma from the Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baosha Branch. Each patient signed written informed consent before the study. Tissue samples obtained at surgery were immediately frozen and used for the analysis of STK39 mRNA and protein expression.

Quantitative PCR

Using TRIzol reagent, total RNA was extracted from tissue samples or the cell lines as per manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA).

After treatment with DNase I, the DNA-free RNA samples were reversely transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) with Oligo-dT primer and cDNA synthesis kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA). STK39 mRNA expression was then determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) having β-actin as a control internally. qPCR was conducted on ABI7500 instrument (Applied Biosystem, Foster City, CA, USA) with SYBR-Green qPCR Master Mixes (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the following primers: STK39, 5′-TCTGCTGGCTTGGTGGATG-3′ and 5′-AGGGAGGGTTGAAGGGAGTAG-3′; β-actin, 5′-CATGTACGTTGCTATCCAGGC-3′ and 5′-CTCCTTAATGTCACGCACGAT-3′. The expression of STK39 mRNA was calculated using the 2−ΔΔCq method.

Western blot analysis

Protein lysate was prepared from tissue samples and cell lines with RIPA lysis buffer supplemented with protease inhibitor cocktail (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA). Equal amounts of protein were electrophoresed on an SDS-PAGE gel, and transferred onto a nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Bradford, PA, USA). After dilution in 5% skimmed milk, the membrane was incubated with rabbit polyclonal STK39 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab71825); rabbit monoclonal p21 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab109520); rabbit polyclonal Twist1 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab50581); rabbit polyclonal MMP-2 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab37150); rabbit polyclonal MMP-9 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab38898); rabbit polyclonal PCNA antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab18197); rabbit polyclonal pSmad2/3 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab63672) and rabbit polyclonal Smad2/3 antibody (dilution, 1:500; cat. no. ab217553) overnight at 4°C and then incubated with secondary goat anti-rabbit (HRP) IgG antibody (dilution, 1:2,000; cat. no. ab6721). Signals were detected using enhanced chemiluminescence (Bio-Rad, Richmond, CA, USA) and analyzed with ImageJ software (http://rsb.info.nih.gov/ij/; Bethesda, MD, USA) with β-actin as a loading control. All the antibodies were all purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA).

Cell cultivation

The Cell Bank of Shanghai Biology Institute, Chinese Academy of Science (Shanghai, China) provided the human osteosarcoma cells, MG6 and U2OS, which were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 1% penicillin/streptomycin and 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS), (Life Technologies) at a temperature of 37°C and an atmosphere of 5% CO2.

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)

STK39 siRNA (siSTK39, 5′-CCCACCCAAUGCUAAUGAA-3′) and control siRNA (siNC), (5′-UUCUCCGAACGUGUCACGU-3′) were produced by Genepharm Technologies (Shanghai, China). MG63 and U2OS cells were infected with siSTK39 or siNC using Lipofectamine 2000 according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). After a 48-h transfection, qPCR and western blot analysis assayed the knockdown efficiency.

Cell proliferation assay

During the logarithmic phase, MG63 and U2OS cells were implanted into 96-well plates at a density of 3×103 cells per well. After adhering to culture plates, the cell lines were transfected with siSTK39 or siNC and incubated for 0, 24, 48 and 72 h. We then incubated the cells using a Cell Counting kit (CCK)-8 reagent (Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology, Shanghai, China) at a temperature of 37°C for another hour. Using a microplate reader (Bio-Rad), we detected optical density (OD) values with wavelength of 450 nm.

Boyden chamber assay for invading

Matrigel-coated Boyden chamber (BD Biosciences, Becton Dickinson and Company, CA, USA) were used for the cell invasion assays. Briefly, the cells were transfected with siRNAs in a 60-mm dish as described above. After the serum was starved for 24 h, the cells were harvested and resuspended in serum-free DMEM. Cells (5×104) (in 500 µl medium) and DMEM containing 10% FBS were added to the upper and lower chambers, respectively. After 24 h, the cells on the membrane's upper side were completely transferred. The membranes were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and stained with 0.5% crystal violet. The cells were counted using an inverted microscope (Nikon Eclipse E800; Tokyo, Japan).

Statistical analysis

GraphPad Prism software version 6.0 (San Diego, CA, USA) was used for the statistical analyses. The Student's t-test determined the statistical significance of STK39 expression between different groups. We performed cell tests in triplicate, which were repeated no less than three times and analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

STK39 upregulated expression in osteosarcoma

By applying qPCR, we first examined STK39 mRNA expression in 15 normal bone tissues and 25 osteosarcoma tissues collected from Shanghai First People's Hospital, Baoshan Branch. Compared to the normal bone tissues (Fig. 1A, P<0.0001), the results showed that STK39 expression was obviously upregulated in osteosarcoma tissues. We then performed western blot analysis in four pairs of available samples of tissue. The results indicated that STK39 protein expression was also abundant in osteosarcoma tissues (Fig. 1B, P<0.05).

Figure 1.

Osteosarcoma cells show the overexpression of STK39. (A) STK39 mRNA levels were evaluated in 15 normal bone tissues and 25 osteosarcoma tissues by quantitative PCR with β-actin as an internal control. ****P<0.0001. (B) STK39 protein expression in normal bone tissues (N1, N2, N3 and N4) and osteosarcoma (T1, T2, T3 and T4) tissue were assessed using western blot analysis. β-actin served as the internal control. Representative blots (left) and quantification results (right) are shown. *P<0.05. STK39, serine/threonine kinase 39.

RNAi knockdown of STK39

To examine the role of STK39 in osteosarcoma cells, we knocked down its expression by siRNA transfection in U2OS and MG63 osteosarcoma cells (Fig. 2). siNC had no effect on the expression of STK39 as compared to cells without any treatment. STK39 siRNA (siSTK39) efficiently suppressed the mRNA (Fig. 2A) and protein levels (Fig. 2B) of STK39 in the two osteosarcoma cells as compared to cells transfected with siNC.

Figure 2.

Knockdown of STK39 expression by siRNA transfection. U2OS and MG63 cells were transfected with STK39 siRNA (siSTK39) or regulated with siRNA (siNC). mRNA and protein levels of STK39 were assessed at 48 h post-transfection. ***P<0.001 vs. siNC. STK39, serine/threonine kinase 39.

STK39 knockdown inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation

The ability of cell production was evaluated using CCK-8 assay in the two osteosarcoma cells. As shown in Fig. 3, the cells transfected with siNC had a similar proliferation rate with cells without any treatment, while siSTK39 transfection significantly decreased cell proliferation at 48 and 72 h compared with siNC. These data indicated that STK39 may promote osteosarcoma proliferation.

Figure 3.

STK39 knockdown inhibits proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. The multiplying of cells was evident at 0.24, 48 and 72 h after siRNA transfection in (A) U2OS and (B) MG63 cells. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC. STK39, serine/threonine kinase 39.

STK39 knockdown suppresses the invasion of osteosarcoma cells

The invasion ability was then measured by Matrigel-coated Transwell assay. As shown in Fig. 4, the invaded cell number was decreased by 42.0 and 46.2% in siSTK39-transfected U2OS and MG63 cells, respectively, in contrast to siNC-transfected cells.

Figure 4.

Knockdown of STK39 expression inhibits osteosarcoma cell invasion. (A) U2OS and (B) MG63 cells were transfected with indicated siRNA. Invasion assay was performed using Matrigel-coated Transwell assay. Typical pictures (left) and quantifiable outcomes (right) are shown. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC. STK39, serine/threonine kinase 39.

Effects of STK39 knockdown on the expression of relevant proteins

We detected the protein levels of cell proliferation [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (14) and p21 (15)] and invasion-related proteins in osteosarcoma cells (Fig. 5). The representation of PCNA, Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 was significantly decreased, while p21 representation increased significantly in osteosarcoma cells transfected with siSTK39 compared to those transfected with siNC (16).

Figure 5.

Effects of STK39 knockdown on the expression of relevant proteins. (A) U2OS and (B) MG63 cells were transfected with indicated siRNA. After 48 h, western blotting was used to determine protein levels of cell proliferation (PCNA and p21) and invasion-related proteins (Twist1, MMP-2 and MMP-9). Representative blots (left) and quantification results (right) are shown. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001 vs. siNC. STK39, serine/threonine kinase 39; PCNA, proliferating cell nuclear antigen.

STK39 knockdown represses the phosphorylation of Smad2/3

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling has been found to promote osteosarcoma cell proliferation and invasion (17,18). We analyzed the phosphorylation protein levels of Smad2/3, an important downstream of TGF−, in osteosarcoma cells by western blot analysis at 6 h after siRNA treatment. As shown in Fig. 6, siSTK39 significantly decreased p-Smad2/3/Smad2/3 relative representation degrees in both U2OS and MG63 cells. These data suggested the involvement of TGF−/Smad2/3 in STK39 functions on osteosarcoma cells.

Figure 6.

Effects of STK39 knockdown on p-Smad2/3 and Smad2/3 protein expression. Western blotting was used to identify protein levels in p-Smad2/3 and Smad2/3 in (A) U2OS and (B) MG63 cells at 6 h after siRNA transfection. Representative blots (left) and quantification results (right) are shown. ***P<0.001 vs. siNC. STK39.

Discussion

Current studies have increasingly focused on the expression of STK39 in osteosarcoma tissues. Suppression of STK39 expression inhibited cell proliferation and invasion of U2OS and MG63 cells. STK39 knockdown had a significant impact on the expression of cell proliferation and proteins related to invasion. Furthermore, STK39 knockdown suppressed the phosphorylation of Smad2/3, downstream of TGF−. Thus, the results of the present study suggest that STK39 may serve as an oncogene in the development of osteosarcomas.

Increasing investigations have indicated that STK39 is relevant to human disease, including various types of cancer (11–13). The decreased mRNA level of STK39 is strongly related with the higher incidence of metastases in patients with primary prostate cancers (11). By contrast, the higher protein level of STK39 is positively correlated with more advanced lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis in patients with large cell carcinoma and tumor non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) (14). Knockdown of STK39 in B-cell lymphomas promotes cancer progression by impairing caspase activation (12), while its knockdown in NSCLC cells significantly decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion (13). Thus, different organ systems and separate cellular conditions in tumors lead to the double role of STK39. To the best of our knowledge, the expression and role of STK39 in osteosarcoma remains to be determined. The present study has compared STK39 expression in osteosarcoma cells, control standard bone cells, and suggests that osteosarcoma tissues led to the overexpression of STK39. Furthermore, previous findings have shown that, knockdown of STK39 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. These results are consistent with studies conducted on NSCLC (13). Therefore, STK39 is an oncogene that regulates the development and spread of osteosarcomas.

In addition, we showed that knocking down STK39 expression influenced the expression of cell development and proteins related to invasion. p21 is a universal inhibitor for cell proliferation (19). PCNA, a well-known proliferation marker, is overexpressed in osteosarcoma tissues (20). MMPs, such as MMP2 and MMP9, exert a significant influence on metastasis by degrading extracellular matrix proteins (21). Twist expression may provide useful prediction of metastasis potential for patients with osteosarcoma (22). In the present study, STK39 knockdown in osteosarcoma cells significantly suppressed the expression of PCNA, Twist1, MMP2 and MMP9, and significantly increased the expression of p21. These findings were coordinated with the results of the CCK-8 and invasion assays.

TGF− is commonly found in cell development, such as enlargement, separation, death, incursion as well as other roles. TGF− connects with a type II receptor, which recruits and catalyzes type I receptor phosphorylation. Type I receptor leads to the phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3. Subsequently, p-Smad2/3 combines with Smad4. The combination enters the nucleus to cause gene transcription (23). TGF-β is capable of formulating osteosarcoma cell production as well as invasion (17,18). In the present study, the phosphorylation levels of Smad2/3 were suppressed in STK39 knockdown cells. Thus, STK39 may function as an oncogene partly by activating TGF-β/Smad2/3 pathways in osteosarcoma.

In summary, we have demonstrated that STK39 was expressed in osteosarcoma cells. Knockdown of STK39 expression led to inhibition of the proliferation and invasion of osteosarcoma cells. Nevertheless, in-depth research showed that the TGF−/Smad2/3 signaling pathway may be involved in the biological function of STK39.