Exosomes-Based Biomarkers for the Prognosis of Cardiovascular Diseases.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have a high prevalence and annually increasing incidence with high mortality and morbidity. Identification of biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for assessing the prognosis of CVDs is necessary for optimizing personalized treatment and reducing mortality. Exosomes have been proved to be accessible in nearly all body fluids and they can reflect disease stage or progression. Here we summarized exosomes-based biomarkers for the prognosis of coronary artery diseases, heart failure, stroke, hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart diseases and pulmonary arterial hypertension. If exosome-based biomarkers can achieve additionally benefits as compared to the present prognostic biomarkers remains to be determined and multicenter studies with large cohorts of patients are highly needed.