Skeletal fragility in diabetes.

Fracture risk is heightened in patients with both type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although bone mineral density by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry is decreased in T1D, it is paradoxically increased with T2D. To predict fracture risk, the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) can be used in diabetes patients, albeit with refinement. Skeletal abnormalities in diabetes include alterations in microarchitecture in T1D and T2D as well as compromised impact microindentation in T2D. Changes in bone microvasculature, advanced glycation end product accumulation, and bone formation may underlie these findings. When fractures occur in T1D and T2D, consequences are worse than in nondiabetic patients with regard to both morbidity and mortality. With regard to treatment, antiresorptive osteoporosis therapies appear to be effective in the setting of diabetes.