Primary and secondary testicular atrophy.

1. (a) Primary and secondary testicular atrophy is caused by ischaemia, most frequently after intrauterine and prepuberal testicular torsion. (b) After standard orchiopexy, and especially after orchiopexy in high undescended testis, secondary testicular atrophy is frequent. (c) The histological condition of a cryptorchid testis does not predict atrophy. Immediate detorsion and/or prophylactic fixation as well as subtle technique in orchiopexy are essential. 2. Sympathetic orchiopathy of a unilateral atrophic testis was not proven in cryptorchidism and testicular torsion. There is considerable evidence of primary bilateral disease. 3. Testicular atrophy as an aetiological factor in the development of testicular tumor remains open to debate.