Differential expression by chromatin modifications of alcohol dehydrogenase 1 of Chorispora bungeana in cold stress.

Epigenetic modifications regulate plant genes to cope with a variety of environmental stresses. Chorispora bungeana is an alpine subnival plant with strong tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses, especially cold stress. In this study, we characterized the alcohol dehydrogenase 1 gene from Chorispora bungeana, CbADH1, that is up-regulated in cold conditions. Overexpression of CbADH1 in Arabidopsis thaliana improved cold tolerance, as indicated by a decreased lethal temperature (LT50). Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that histone H3 is removed from the promoter region and the middle-coding region of the gene. H3K9 acetylation and H3K4 trimethylation increased throughout the gene and in the proximal promoter region, respectively. Moreover, increased Ser5P and Ser2P polymerase II accumulation further indicated changes in the transcription initiation and elongation of CbADH1 were due to the cold stress. Taken together, our results suggested that CbADH1 is highly expressed during cold stress, and is regulated by epigenetic modifications. This study expands our understanding of the regulation of gene expression by epigenetic modifications in response to environmental cues.