Abdulrahman A Al-Hussaini1,2, Kenneth D R Setchell3, Badr AlSaleem1, James E Heubi4, Khurram Lone1, Anne Davit-Spraul5, Emmanuel Jacquemin6,7. 1. Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, The Children's Specialized Hospital, King Fahad Medical City. 2. College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 3. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. 4. Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH. 5. Biochemistry and Molecular biology Unit, Bicêtre Universitary Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre. 6. Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation Unit and National Reference Centre for Rare Pediatric Liver Diseases, Hepatinov, Bicêtre Universitary Hospital, University of Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Le Kremlin Bicêtre. 7. Inserm, UMR-S1174, Hepatinov, University of Paris-Sud, Orsay, France.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) is important because, untreated, these conditions can be fatal. Our objectives were to screen children with cholestasis or unexplained liver disease for BASD and in those with confirmed BASD to evaluate the effectiveness of cholic acid therapy. METHODS: A routine serum total bile acid measurement was performed on children with cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, and liver failure. Patients were screened for BASD by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) analysis of urine, and molecular analysis confirmed diagnosis. Treatment response to oral cholic acid (10-15 mg/kg bw/day) was assessed from liver function tests and fat-soluble vitamin levels. FAB-MS analysis of urine was used to monitor compliance and biochemical response. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2016, 626 patients were evaluated; 450 with infantile cholestasis. Fifteen cases of BASD were diagnosed: 12 presented with infantile cholestasis (2.7%, 7 boys), an 8-year-old boy presented with cirrhosis, and two 18-month-old boys presented with hepatomegaly and rickets. Eleven were caused by 3β-hydroxy-Δ-C27-steroid oxidoreductase dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 from Δ-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency, and 1 had Zellweger spectrum disorder. In all but 1, serum total bile acids were normal or low. With cholic acid therapy, 10 are alive and healthy with their native liver. Liver failure developed in 3 infants despite therapy; 2 died and 1 underwent liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: BASDs are rare but treatable causes of metabolic liver disease in Saudi Arabia. BASD should be considered in infants with cholestasis and low or normal serum total bile acid concentrations.
OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of bile acid synthesis disorders (BASDs) is important because, untreated, these conditions can be fatal. Our objectives were to screen children with cholestasis or unexplained liver disease for BASD and in those with confirmed BASD to evaluate the effectiveness of cholic acid therapy. METHODS: A routine serum total bile acid measurement was performed on children with cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, and liver failure. Patients were screened for BASD by fast atom bombardment ionization-mass spectrometry (FAB-MS) analysis of urine, and molecular analysis confirmed diagnosis. Treatment response to oral cholic acid (10-15 mg/kg bw/day) was assessed from liver function tests and fat-soluble vitamin levels. FAB-MS analysis of urine was used to monitor compliance and biochemical response. RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2016, 626 patients were evaluated; 450 with infantile cholestasis. Fifteen cases of BASD were diagnosed: 12 presented with infantile cholestasis (2.7%, 7 boys), an 8-year-old boy presented with cirrhosis, and two 18-month-old boys presented with hepatomegaly and rickets. Eleven were caused by 3β-hydroxy-Δ-C27-steroid oxidoreductase dehydrogenase deficiency, 3 from Δ-3-oxosteroid 5β-reductase deficiency, and 1 had Zellweger spectrum disorder. In all but 1, serum total bile acids were normal or low. With cholic acid therapy, 10 are alive and healthy with their native liver. Liver failure developed in 3 infants despite therapy; 2 died and 1 underwent liver transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: BASDs are rare but treatable causes of metabolic liver disease in Saudi Arabia. BASD should be considered in infants with cholestasis and low or normal serum total bile acid concentrations.