Sitara Nandyal1, Sweta Suria1, Bharti Chogtu2, Dipanjan Bhattacharjee3. 1. Undergraduate Student, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 2. Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 3. Postgraduate Candidate, Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The rise in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) prevalence appears to have coincided with a simultaneous increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and bronchial asthma amongst the Indian population. Despite being evaluated extensively for their role as a risk factor for GERD, till date this relationship has remained a debatable one. Moreover, literature available on such studies conducted within Indian population remains scarce. AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the risk of developing GERD in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and asthma in a Southern Indian population. The present retrospective, triple cohort and hospital based study was conducted by accessing the patient records from the medical records department of a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient's records were accessed from the year 2011 onwards. Relative Risk (RR) was calculated to determine the risk of development of GERD with every disease. Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between each disease and the development of GERD. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In view of the time constraints as well as the limitations of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data pertaining to only 40, 71 and 53 patients in Cohort 1 (diabetics), 2 (hypertensives) and 3 (bronchial asthmatics) respectively could be analyzed in the present study. The relative risk of GERD development was greater than 1 for patients belonging to Cohort 2 and 3, suggesting that the risk of GERD development is higher amongst hypertensives and asthmatics. Surprisingly, the diabetics (Cohort 1) were not associated with a high risk of GERD development. However, the relationship between any of the disease and GERD development was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present study found an increased risk of GERD development amongst patients suffering from hypertension and bronchial asthma, but not with diabetes mellitus.
INTRODUCTION: The rise in Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) prevalence appears to have coincided with a simultaneous increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and bronchial asthma amongst the Indian population. Despite being evaluated extensively for their role as a risk factor for GERD, till date this relationship has remained a debatable one. Moreover, literature available on such studies conducted within Indian population remains scarce. AIM: The aim of the present study was to examine the risk of developing GERD in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, hypertension and asthma in a Southern Indian population. The present retrospective, triple cohort and hospital based study was conducted by accessing the patient records from the medical records department of a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The patient's records were accessed from the year 2011 onwards. Relative Risk (RR) was calculated to determine the risk of development of GERD with every disease. Chi-square test was used to determine the statistical significance of the relationship between each disease and the development of GERD. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: In view of the time constraints as well as the limitations of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, data pertaining to only 40, 71 and 53 patients in Cohort 1 (diabetics), 2 (hypertensives) and 3 (bronchial asthmatics) respectively could be analyzed in the present study. The relative risk of GERD development was greater than 1 for patients belonging to Cohort 2 and 3, suggesting that the risk of GERD development is higher amongst hypertensives and asthmatics. Surprisingly, the diabetics (Cohort 1) were not associated with a high risk of GERD development. However, the relationship between any of the disease and GERD development was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The present study found an increased risk of GERD development amongst patients suffering from hypertension and bronchial asthma, but not with diabetes mellitus.
Authors: Shobna J Bhatia; D Nageshwar Reddy; Uday C Ghoshal; V Jayanthi; Philip Abraham; Gourdas Choudhuri; S L Broor; Vineet Ahuja; Philip Augustine; V Balakrishnan; D K Bhasin; Naresh Bhat; Ashok Chacko; Sunil Dadhich; G K Dhali; Pankaj S Dhawan; Manisha Dwivedi; Mahesh K Goenka; Abraham Koshy; Ajay Kumar; Sri Prakash Misra; Shrikant Mukewar; E PedaVeer Raju; K T Shenoy; S P Singh; Ajit Sood; R Srinivasan Journal: Indian J Gastroenterol Date: 2011-07-27
Authors: A Horikawa; R Ishii-Nozawa; M Ohguro; S Takagi; M Ohtuji; M Yamada; N Kuzuya; N Ujihara; M Ujihara; K Takeuchi Journal: Diabet Med Date: 2009-03 Impact factor: 4.359