Mohammad Nasehi1, Reyhaneh Soltanpour2, Mohaddeseh Ebrahimi-Ghiri3, Shahram Zarrabian4, Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast5,6,7,8,9. 1. Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Nasehi@iricss.org. 2. Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar Branch, Tehran, Iran. 3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. 4. Cognitive and Neuroscience Research Center (CNRC), Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. 5. Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 13145-784, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir. 6. Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir. 7. Medical Genomics Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir. 8. Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir. 9. University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. zarinmr@ams.ac.ir.
Abstract
RATIONALE: The effects of pharmacological interventions on fear memory have widely been studied, but there are very few studies about the effects of brain electrical stimulation on fear memory function. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, our aim was to determine whether anodal/cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right frontal cortex would modify propranolol-induced contextual and auditory fear memory deficits, before or after training. METHODS: The adult NMRI male mice were randomly assigned into three groups: the sham group, the anodal tDCS group, and the cathodal tDCS group. Fear memories were evaluated using a classical fear conditioning apparatus. RESULTS: While the anodal stimulation did not affect fear retrieval, post-training cathodal stimulation improved fear memory retrieval. Regardless of when propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) was administered, it impaired fear memory retrieval. However, when anodal stimulation and propranolol were applied prior to the training, contextual fear memory retrieval was increased and auditory fear memory was reversed. An enhanced contextual retrieval was also observed when propranolol was administered prior to the training and stimulation occurred after the training. Only when the stimulation occurred prior to the training and propranolol was administered after the training was there a selective improvement in contextual fear memory retrieval, leaving the auditory fear memory retrieval impaired. Interestingly, cathodal stimulation improved the effects of propranolol on auditory fear memory only when it occurred prior to the training. CONCLUSION: The results highlight possible improving effects for anodal/cathodal tDCS on propranolol-induced deficits on fear memories. The timing of the interventions related to the specific phases of memory formation is important in modulating fear behaviors.
RATIONALE: The effects of pharmacological interventions on fear memory have widely been studied, but there are very few studies about the effects of brain electrical stimulation on fear memory function. OBJECTIVE: Therefore, our aim was to determine whether anodal/cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right frontal cortex would modify propranolol-induced contextual and auditory fear memory deficits, before or after training. METHODS: The adult NMRI male mice were randomly assigned into three groups: the sham group, the anodal tDCS group, and the cathodal tDCS group. Fear memories were evaluated using a classical fear conditioning apparatus. RESULTS: While the anodal stimulation did not affect fear retrieval, post-training cathodal stimulation improved fear memory retrieval. Regardless of when propranolol (0.1 mg/kg) was administered, it impaired fear memory retrieval. However, when anodal stimulation and propranolol were applied prior to the training, contextual fear memory retrieval was increased and auditory fear memory was reversed. An enhanced contextual retrieval was also observed when propranolol was administered prior to the training and stimulation occurred after the training. Only when the stimulation occurred prior to the training and propranolol was administered after the training was there a selective improvement in contextual fear memory retrieval, leaving the auditory fear memory retrieval impaired. Interestingly, cathodal stimulation improved the effects of propranolol on auditory fear memory only when it occurred prior to the training. CONCLUSION: The results highlight possible improving effects for anodal/cathodal tDCS on propranolol-induced deficits on fear memories. The timing of the interventions related to the specific phases of memory formation is important in modulating fear behaviors.
Entities:
Keywords:
Fear conditioning; Mice; Propranolol; Right frontal cortex; Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
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