K Hébert-Losier1, C Wessman2, M Alricsson3, U Svantesson4. 1. Faculty of Health, Sport and Human Performance, The University of Waikato, Adams Centre for High Performance, Mount Maunganui, Tauranga, New Zealand. Electronic address: kim.hebert-losier@waikato.ac.nz. 2. Health Metrics Unit, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. 3. Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden. 4. Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Health and Rehabilitation, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The heel-rise test is used to assess the strength and endurance of the plantar flexors in everyday clinical practice. However, several factors may affect outcomes, including sex, age, body mass index and activity level. The aims of this study were to revisit the reliability and normative values of this test, and establish normative equations accounting for several factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study with test-retest. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteers (n=566, age 20 to 81 years). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects performed single-legged heel rises to fatigue, standing on a 10° incline, once on each leg. A subset of subjects (n=32) repeated the test 1 week later. Reliability was quantified using intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots {mean difference [95% limits of agreement (LOA)]}, whereas the impact of sex, age, body mass index and activity level on the number of heel rises was determined using non-parametric regression models. RESULTS: The test showed excellent reliability (ICC=1.0 right leg, 1.0 left leg), with mean between-day differences in the total number of heel-rise repetitions of 0.2 (95% LOA -6.2 to 6.5) and 0.1 (95% LOA -6.1 to 6.2) for right and left legs, respectively. Overall, males completed more repetitions than females (median 24 vs 21). However, older females (age >60years) outperformed older males. According to the model, younger males with higher activity levels can complete the most heel rises. CONCLUSIONS: The heel-rise test is highly reliable. The regression models herein can be employed by clinicians to evaluate the outcomes of heel-rise tests of individuals against a comparable normative population.
OBJECTIVES: The heel-rise test is used to assess the strength and endurance of the plantar flexors in everyday clinical practice. However, several factors may affect outcomes, including sex, age, body mass index and activity level. The aims of this study were to revisit the reliability and normative values of this test, and establish normative equations accounting for several factors. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study with test-retest. SETTING: Community. PARTICIPANTS: Volunteers (n=566, age 20 to 81 years). INTERVENTIONS: Subjects performed single-legged heel rises to fatigue, standing on a 10° incline, once on each leg. A subset of subjects (n=32) repeated the test 1 week later. Reliability was quantified using intraclass (ICC) correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots {mean difference [95% limits of agreement (LOA)]}, whereas the impact of sex, age, body mass index and activity level on the number of heel rises was determined using non-parametric regression models. RESULTS: The test showed excellent reliability (ICC=1.0 right leg, 1.0 left leg), with mean between-day differences in the total number of heel-rise repetitions of 0.2 (95% LOA -6.2 to 6.5) and 0.1 (95% LOA -6.1 to 6.2) for right and left legs, respectively. Overall, males completed more repetitions than females (median 24 vs 21). However, older females (age >60years) outperformed older males. According to the model, younger males with higher activity levels can complete the most heel rises. CONCLUSIONS: The heel-rise test is highly reliable. The regression models herein can be employed by clinicians to evaluate the outcomes of heel-rise tests of individuals against a comparable normative population.
Authors: Jennifer A Zellers; Ryan T Pohlig; Daniel H Cortes; Karin Grävare Silbernagel Journal: Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc Date: 2019-07-02 Impact factor: 4.342
Authors: Chantel L Rabusin; Hylton B Menz; Jodie A McClelland; Angela M Evans; Karl B Landorf; Peter Malliaras; Sean I Docking; Shannon E Munteanu Journal: J Foot Ankle Res Date: 2019-03-21 Impact factor: 2.303
Authors: Grazia Maugeri; Velia D'Agata; Federico Roggio; Cristina Cortis; Andrea Fusco; Carl Foster; Mark M Mañago; Michael O Harris-Love; Veronica Vleck; Maria Francesca Piacentini; Giuseppe Musumeci Journal: J Funct Morphol Kinesiol Date: 2020-07-18