Gold nanoparticles: Distribution, bioaccumulation and toxicity. In vitro and in vivo studies.

Concerns about the bioaccumulation and toxicity of gold nanoparticles inside humans have recently risen. HT-29 and HepG2 cell lines and Wistar rats were exposed to 10, 30 or 60 nm gold nanoparticles to determine their tissue distribution, subcellular location and deleterious effects. Cell viability, ROS production and DNA damage were evaluated in vitro. Lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation were determined in liver. ICP-MS measurements showed the presence of gold in intestine, kidney, liver, spleen, feces and urine. Subcellular locations of gold nanoparticles were observed in colon cells and liver samples by transmission electron microscopy. Inflammatory markers in liver and biochemical parameters in plasma were measured to assess the inflammatory status and presence of tissue damage. The size of the nanoparticles determined differences in the biodistribution and the excretion route. The smallest nanoparticles showed more deleterious effects, confirmed by their location inside the cell nucleus and the higher DNA damage.