Don L Armstrong1, Michael R McGowen2, Amy Weckle3, Priyadarshini Pantham4, Jason Caravas5, Dalen Agnew6, Kurt Benirschke7, Sue Savage-Rumbaugh8, Eviatar Nevo9, Chong J Kim10, Günter P Wagner11, Roberto Romero12, Derek E Wildman13. 1. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Electronic address: don@donarmstrong.com. 2. School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK. Electronic address: 1mmcgowen1@gmail.com. 3. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Electronic address: aweckle@illinois.edu. 4. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Electronic address: pantham@illinois.edu. 5. Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: jacaravas@gmail.com. 6. Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. Electronic address: agnewd@dcpah.msu.edu. 7. Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. Electronic address: kbenirschke@ucsd.edu. 8. Great Ape Trust/Bonobo Hope Sanctuary, Des Moines, IA, USA. Electronic address: suerumbaugh@gmail.com. 9. The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. Electronic address: nevo@research.haifa.ac.il. 10. Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea. Electronic address: ckim@amc.seoul.kr. 11. Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. Electronic address: gunter.wagner@yale.edu. 12. Perinatology Research Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA. Electronic address: prbchiefstaff@med.wayne.edu. 13. Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Great Ape Trust/Bonobo Hope Sanctuary, Des Moines, IA, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. Electronic address: wildmand@illinois.edu.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The placenta is arguably the most anatomically variable organ in mammals even though its primary function is conserved. METHOD: Using RNA-Seq, we measured the expression profiles of 55 term placentas of 14 species of mammals representing all major eutherian superordinal clades and marsupials, and compared the evolution of expression across clades. RESULTS: We identified a set of 115 core genes which is expressed (FPKM ≥10) in all eutherian placentas, including genes with immune-modulating properties (ANXA2, ANXA1, S100A11, S100A10, and LGALS1), cell-cell interactions (LAMC1, LUM, and LGALS1), invasion (GRB2 and RALB) and syncytialization (ANXA5 and ANXA1). We also identified multiple pre-eclampsia associated genes which are differentially expressed in Homo sapiens when compared to the other 13 species. Multiple genes are significantly associated with placenta morphology, including EREG and WNT5A which are both associated with placental shape. DISCUSSION: 115 genes are important for the core functions of the placenta in all eutherian species analyzed. The molecular functions and pathways enriched in the core placenta align with the evolutionarily conserved functionality of the placenta.
INTRODUCTION: The placenta is arguably the most anatomically variable organ in mammals even though its primary function is conserved. METHOD: Using RNA-Seq, we measured the expression profiles of 55 term placentas of 14 species of mammals representing all major eutherian superordinal clades and marsupials, and compared the evolution of expression across clades. RESULTS: We identified a set of 115 core genes which is expressed (FPKM ≥10) in all eutherian placentas, including genes with immune-modulating properties (ANXA2, ANXA1, S100A11, S100A10, and LGALS1), cell-cell interactions (LAMC1, LUM, and LGALS1), invasion (GRB2 and RALB) and syncytialization (ANXA5 and ANXA1). We also identified multiple pre-eclampsia associated genes which are differentially expressed in Homo sapiens when compared to the other 13 species. Multiple genes are significantly associated with placenta morphology, including EREG and WNT5A which are both associated with placental shape. DISCUSSION: 115 genes are important for the core functions of the placenta in all eutherian species analyzed. The molecular functions and pathways enriched in the core placenta align with the evolutionarily conserved functionality of the placenta.
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