Why does inbreeding reduce male paternity? Effects on sexually selected traits.

Mating with relatives has often been shown to negatively affect offspring fitness (inbreeding depression). There is considerable evidence for inbreeding depression due to effects on naturally selected traits, particularly those expressed early in life, but there is less evidence of it for sexually selected traits. This is surprising because sexually selected traits are expected to exhibit strong inbreeding depression. Here, we experimentally created inbred and outbred male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki). Inbred males were the offspring of matings between full siblings. We then investigated how inbreeding influenced a number of sexually selected male traits, specifically: attractiveness, sperm number and velocity, as well as sperm competitiveness based on a male's share of paternity. We found no inbreeding depression for male attractiveness or sperm traits. There was, however, evidence that lower heterozygosity decreased paternity due to reduced sperm competitiveness. Our results add to the growing evidence that competitive interactions exacerbate the negative effects of the increased homozygosity that arises when there is inbreeding.