| Literature DB >> 28855033 |
Liqun Liu1, Xia Wan1, Gongbo Chen1, Xiangyun Ma2, Bofu Ning2, Gonghuan Yang1.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Since 1970s, Xuanwei in Yunnan province has been one of the towns with highest lung cancer mortality in China. Moreover, the characters of high female lung cancer mortality and sub-regional clustering high lung cancer mortality have not changed. In this study, we further described the exposure situation of risk factors of lung cancer in Xuanwei nowadays, in order to explore the trend of the distribution of lung cancer there.Entities:
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Year: 2017 PMID: 28855033 PMCID: PMC5973009 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2017.08.05
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
调查对象人口学特征
Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents
| Characteristics | High lung cancer area | Median lung cancer area | Low lung cancer area | |||||||
| % | % | % | ||||||||
| Chi-square and P value were the results of the comparison of the three areas. | ||||||||||
| Gender | 2.41 | 0.299 | ||||||||
| Male | 325 | 43.7 | 366 | 46.4 | 348 | 42.7 | ||||
| Female | 418 | 56.3 | 422 | 53.6 | 467 | 57.3 | ||||
| Age (yr) | 21.99 | 0.001 | ||||||||
| 30-39 | 187 | 25.2 | 254 | 32.2 | 237 | 29.1 | ||||
| 40-49 | 248 | 33.4 | 266 | 33.8 | 247 | 30.3 | ||||
| 50-59 | 187 | 25.2 | 176 | 22.3 | 182 | 22.3 | ||||
| 60-69 | 121 | 16.3 | 92 | 11.7 | 149 | 18.3 | ||||
| Ethnic group | 68.48 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Han | 703 | 94.6 | 782 | 99.2 | 732 | 89.8 | ||||
| Minority | 40 | 5.4 | 6 | 0.8 | 83 | 10.2 | ||||
| Marriage | 6.26 | 0.181 | ||||||||
| Married or living together | 684 | 92.1 | 732 | 92.9 | 770 | 94.5 | ||||
| Widowed | 40 | 5.4 | 33 | 4.2 | 37 | 4.5 | ||||
| Single or divorced | 14 | 1.9 | 19 | 2.4 | 8 | 1.0 | ||||
| Unknown | 5 | 0.7 | 4 | 0.5 | ||||||
| Education | 72.06 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Junior high and above | 307 | 41.3 | 169 | 21.4 | 239 | 29.3 | ||||
| Primary school or illiterate | 436 | 58.7 | 619 | 78.6 | 576 | 70.7 | ||||
| Annual family income (Yuan) | 49.94 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| ≥20, 000 | 225 | 30.3 | 267 | 33.9 | 410 | 50.3 | ||||
| < 20, 000 | 247 | 33.2 | 515 | 65.4 | 392 | 48.1 | ||||
| Refuse to answer | 271 | 36.5 | 6 | 0.8 | 13 | 1.6 | ||||
| Occupation | 290.36 | < 0.001 | ||||||||
| Farmer | 570 | 76.7 | 658 | 83.5 | 659 | 80.9 | ||||
| Other | 173 | 23.3 | 130 | 16.5 | 156 | 19.1 | ||||
| Ever left Xuanwei | 9.07 | 0.059 | ||||||||
| No | 710 | 95.6 | 769 | 97.6 | 803 | 98.5 | ||||
| Yes | 15 | 2.0 | 19 | 2.4 | 5 | 0.6 | ||||
| Unknown | 18 | 2.4 | 7 | 0.9 | ||||||
| Age(yr) | Mean±SD | Median | Mean±SD | Median | Mean±SD | Median | ||||
| 47.71±10.25 | 47 | 45.67±9.93 | 44 | 47.32±10.88 | 46 | |||||
调查对象生活环境方面危险因素当前暴露情况
The exposure to living environmental risk factors of the respondents
| Factors | High lung cancer area ( | Median lung cancer area ( | Low lung cancer area ( | High lung cancer area | Median lung cancer area | Low lung cancer area | ||||||
| Standardized rate | 95%CI | Standardized rate | 95%CI | Standardized rate | 95%CI | |||||||
| a: Ways of domestic heating involving smoky coal combustion: coal stove, fire pan, fire pit; | ||||||||||||
| Ways of domestic heating involving smoky coal combustiona | Yes ( | 53.30% | 93.27% | 80.98% | 52.99% | 49.38%-56.60% | 93.28% | 91.52%-95.03% | 81.01% | 78.31%-83.71% | ||
| Ventilation or using smoke exhauster during cooking | Yes( | 52.36% | 26.90% | 27.98% | 52.57% | 48.95%-56.18% | 26.84% | 23.75%-29.94% | 27.56% | 24.50%-30.62% | ||
| Fume in the kitchen during cooking | Thick ( | 36.61% | 58.76% | 38.04% | 36.14% | 32.68% -39.59% | 58.95% | 55.52% -62.38% | 37.13% | 33.85% -40.41% | ||
| Irritation of eyes and/or throat during cooking | Often ( | 41.45% | 64.21% | 36.81% | 41.27% | 37.71%-44.83% | 64.51% | 61.18%-67.85% | 36.18% | 32.90%-39.47% | ||
| Annual consumption of smoky coal | ≥2 tons( | 20.11% | 76.21% | 54.36% | 20.13% | 17.22%-23.03% | 76.00% | 73.02%-78.98% | 54.78% | 51.36%-58.21% | ||
| Annual consumption of electricity | ≥700 kW·h( | 74.92% | 47.81% | 77.23% | 75.38% | 72.30%-78.47% | 46.98% | 43.56%-50.41% | 78.09% | 75.32%-80.87% | ||
| The most frequently used type of stove:fire pit without chimney | Yes( | 1.88% | 0.38% | 1.23% | 1.93% | 0.92%-2.94% | 0.36% | 0.00%-0.78% | 1.09% | 0.41%-1.76% | ||
| The most frequently used type of stove:stove in the ground with chimney | Yes ( | 1.21% | 60.79% | 21.60% | 1.16% | 0.40%-1.92% | 60.62% | 57.20%-64.04% | 21.44% | 18.62%-24.27% | ||
| The most frequently used type of stove:tall stove with chimney | Yes ( | 25.57% | 19.54% | 35.09% | 25.21% | 22.09%-28.33% | 19.82% | 17.03%-22.61% | 35.10% | 31.81%-38.39% | ||
| The most frequently used type of stove:portable stove | Yes ( | 6.33% | 1.78% | 27.73% | 6.32% | 4.56%-8.08% | 1.87% | 0.90%-2.84% | 27.58% | 24.52%-30.64% | ||
调查对象生活环境方面危险因素当前与十年前暴露情况比较
The exposure to living environmental risk factors of the respondents, comparison between nowadays and 10 years ago
| 10 years ago | Nowadays | ||||||
| % | % | ||||||
| High lung cancer area | |||||||
| Ways of domestic heating involving smoky coal combustion: Yes | 571 | 76.85 | 396 | 53.3 | 90.68 | < 0.001 | |
| Ventilation or using smoke exhauster during cooking: Yes | 256 | 34.45 | 389 | 52.36 | 48.46 | < 0.001 | |
| Fume in the kitchen during cooking: Yes | 328 | 44.15 | 272 | 36.61 | 8.77 | 0.003 | |
| Irritation of eyes and/or throat during cooking: Yes | 368 | 49.53 | 308 | 41.45 | 9.77 | 0.002 | |
| Annual consumption of smoky coal: ≥2 tons | 382 | 2.98 | 149 | 20.11 | 170.75 | < 0.001 | |
| Annual consumption of electricity: ≥700 kW·h | 128 | 21.99 | 481 | 74.92 | 342.09 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is fire pit without chimney: Yes | 18 | 2.42 | 14 | 1.88 | 0.51 | 0.475 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is stove in the ground with chimney: Yes | 58 | 7.81 | 9 | 1.21 | 37.53 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is tall stove with chimney: Yes | 407 | 54.78 | 190 | 25.57 | 131.85 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is portable stove: Yes | 57 | 7.67 | 47 | 6.33 | 1.03 | 0.309 | |
| Median lung cancer area | |||||||
| Ways of domestic heating involving smoky coal combustion: Yes | 772 | 97.97 | 735 | 93.27 | 20.75 | < 0.001 | |
| Ventilation or using smoke exhauster during cooking: Yes | 142 | 18.02 | 212 | 26.90 | 17.85 | < 0.001 | |
| Fume in the kitchen during cooking: Yes | 559 | 70.94 | 463 | 58.76 | 25.65 | < 0.001 | |
| Irritation of eyes and/or throat during cooking: Yes | 561 | 71.19 | 506 | 64.21 | 8.78 | 0.003 | |
| Annual consumption of smoky coal: ≥2 tons | 626 | 80.36 | 599 | 76.21 | 3.96 | 0.046 | |
| Annual consumption of electricity: ≥700 kW·h | 76 | 12.60 | 350 | 47.81 | 188.66 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is fire pit without chimney: Yes | 50 | 6.35 | 3 | 0.38 | 43.13 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is stove in the ground with chimney: Yes | 466 | 59.14 | 479 | 60.79 | 0.45 | 0.504 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is tall stove with chimney: Yes | 250 | 31.73 | 154 | 19.54 | 30.68 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is portable stove: Yes | 17 | 2.16 | 14 | 1.78 | 0.30 | 0.586 | |
| Low lung cancer area | |||||||
| Ways of domestic heating involving smoky coal combustion: Yes | 757 | 92.88 | 660 | 80.98 | 50.81 | < 0.001 | |
| Ventilation or using smoke exhauster during cooking: Yes | 219 | 26.87 | 228 | 27.98 | 0.25 | 0.617 | |
| Fume in the kitchen during cooking: Yes | 481 | 59.02 | 310 | 38.04 | 71.82 | < 0.001 | |
| Irritation of eyes and/or throat during cooking: Yes | 462 | 56.69 | 300 | 36.81 | 64.68 | < 0.001 | |
| Annual consumption of smoky coal: ≥2 tons | 578 | 71.01 | 443 | 54.36 | 48.27 | < 0.001 | |
| Annual consumption of electricity: ≥700 kW·h | 181 | 22.82 | 624 | 77.23 | 473.82 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is fire pit without chimney: Yes | 145 | 17.79 | 10 | 1.23 | 129.94 | < 0.001 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is stove in the ground with chimney: Yes | 155 | 19.02 | 176 | 21.60 | 1.67 | 0.196 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is tall stove with chimney: Yes | 339 | 41.60 | 286 | 35.09 | 7.29 | 0.007 | |
| The most frequently used type of stove is portable stove: Yes | 285 | 34.97 | 226 | 27.73 | 9.92 | 0.002 | |
调查对象个体危险因素当前暴露情况
The exposure to individual risk factors of the respondent
| Factors | High lung cancer area( | Median lung cancerarea( | Low lungcancer area( | High lung cancer area | Median lung cancer area | Low lung cancer area | ||||||
| Standardized rate | 95%CI | Standardized rate | 95%CI | Standardized rate | 95%CI | |||||||
| a: Specific occupation included work experience in metallurgy, chemical industry, construction, machinery manufacturing, textile printing and dyeing, papermaking, tanning, cooking; b: There were 1, 563 never-smokers in the 2, 346 respondents, 1, 352 of which had information about second hand smoke exposure; c: The options in the questionnaire included tuberculosis, COPD, asthma, silicosis or pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, other respiratory diseases; d: Including first (parents, children, siblings), second (grandparents, grandchildren, uncles and aunts) and third (cousins) degree relatives. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | ||||||||||||
| Coal mining work experience (male only | Yes %( | 24.92% | 48.91% | 29.89% | 24.76% | 21.64% -27.87% | 48.85% | 45.40% -52.31% | 29.51% | 26.39% -32.63% | ||
| Other mining work experience | Yes %( | 15.07% | 4.82% | 3.93% | 15.12% | 12.52%-17.72% | 4.66% | 3.22%-6.10% | 3.97% | 2.61%-5.32% | ||
| Experience of specific occupationa | Yes %( | 25.84% | 4.57% | 5.03% | 25.95% | 22.78% -29.12% | 4.51% | 3.07% -5.95% | 5.09% | 3.56% -6.61% | ||
| Days of eating fresh green vegetables (per week, the same below) | 3 d-7 d %( | 58.01% | 72.08% | 78.90% | 58.08% | 54.51%-61.65% | 72.31% | 69.20%-75.43% | 78.83% | 76.01%-81.64% | ||
| Days of eating fruits | 3 d-7 d %( | 61.91% | 65.99% | 63.56% | 62.23% | 58.73% -65.73% | 66.13% | 62.83% -69.43% | 63.68% | 60.37% -67.00% | ||
| Days of eating pork, lamb, beef | 3 d-7 d %( | 59.89% | 54.44% | 51.90% | 60.18% | 56.65%-63.71% | 54.55% | 51.07%-58.03% | 52.02% | 48.58%-55.47% | ||
| Days of eating chicken, duck, fish, shrimp and other aquatic products/seafood | 3 d-7 d %( | 39.84% | 18.53% | 19.39% | 40.04% | 36.49%-43.59% | 18.35% | 15.65%-21.04% | 19.41% | 16.68%-22.14% | ||
| Days of eating bean and bean products | 3 d-7 d %( | 49.93% | 56.85% | 52.02% | 49.93% | 46.31%-53.55% | 56.86% | 53.40%-60.32% | 51.82% | 48.37%-55.26% | ||
| Days of eating eggs | 3 d-7 d %( | 43.74% | 49.24% | 28.22% | 43.82% | 40.23%-47.42% | 49.13% | 45.63%-52.63% | 28.28% | 25.18%-31.39% | ||
| Days of eating milk and dairy products | 3 d-7 d %( | 26.92% | 21.83% | 17.06% | 27.30% | 24.06%-30.53% | 21.94% | 19.04%-24.84% | 17.03% | 14.43%-19.62% | ||
| Days of eating sweets | 3 d-7 d %( | 39.84% | 17.01% | 22.70% | 39.87% | 36.32%-43.42% | 17.10% | 14.46%-19.73% | 22.65% | 19.77%-25.53% | ||
| Days of eating oily and fatty foods | 3 d-7 d %( | 47.11% | 53.68% | 82.09% | 47.23% | 43.61%-50.85% | 53.77% | 50.28%-57.26% | 82.35% | 79.74%-84.97% | ||
| Days of eating pickled or smoked food | 3 d-7 d %( | 51.55% | 66.37% | 75.83% | 51.64% | 48.02%-55.26% | 66.79% | 63.53%-70.04% | 75.71% | 72.76%-78.67% | ||
| History of tobacco use(male only) | Yes %( | 75.00% | 78.02% | 63.22% | 75.09% | 71.96%-78.22% | 78.06% | 75.16%-80.96% | 63.89% | 60.59%-67.20% | ||
| Exposure to second hand smoke (never-smokers only)b | Yes % ( | 84.68% | 88.49% | 58.08% | 85.21% | 82.73%-87.69% | 88.14% | 85.87%-90.40% | 58.32% | 54.92%-61.72% | ||
| History of alcohol use (male only) | Yes%( | 29.23% | 26.78% | 28.74% | 28.96% | 25.68%-32.24% | 27.07% | 23.96%-30.18% | 28.45% | 25.43%-31.48% | ||
| History of respiratory diseases except for lung cancerc | Yes% (vs No) | 4.98% | 0.38% | 2.09% | 4.64% | 3.19%-6.10% | 0.37% | 0.00% -0.80% | 1.90% | 1.00% -2.81% | ||
| Family history of cancerd | Yes %( | 24.63% | 5.20% | 10.67% | 24.66% | 21.55%-27.77% | 5.12% | 3.59%-6.64% | 10.91% | 8.75%-13.07% | ||