Ingrida Lisauskienė1, Kristina Garuolienė2, Jolanta Gulbinovič3. 1. Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. Electronic address: ingrida.lisauskiene@santa.lt. 2. Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; The Ministry of Health, Vilnius, Lithuania. 3. Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania; State Medicines Control Agency under the Ministry of Health, Vilnius, Lithuania.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this ecological study was to evaluate whether any changes in cardiovascular (CV) medicine utilization, population, socioeconomic and health system factors were associated with CV mortality in Lithuania, Sweden and Norway in 2003-2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CV drug utilization was calculated using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) methodology and expressed as a number of DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID). The CV age-standardized death rate (CV-SDR) and risk factors data were obtained from the WHO, EUROSTAT, and FAOSTAT databases. The multiple linear regression model was used for modeling outcome measures - the relationship between the CV-SDR and CV medicine utilization including socioeconomic (GDP, unemployment and divorce rate), population (alcohol consumption, smoking and amount of kcal per day, consumption of fruit and vegetables, health status self-evaluation) and health system factors (number of hospital beds, practicing physicians and health care expenditure). RESULTS: The higher CV medicine utilization in Sweden (307-455 DDD/TID, P<0.001) and Norway (306-394 DDD/TID, P<0.001) was associated with a definite decline in CV-SDR (in Norway from 215 to 146 and in Sweden from 233 to 174). In Lithuania, the increasing but lower consumption of CV medicines (135-360 DDD/TID, P<0.001) and twice higher CV-SDR (from 541 to 447) was registered. A significant inverse correlation was observed between CV-SDR and DDD/TID. We found a strong association between the DDD/TID and the CV-SDR (R2=0.67, P<0.001). There was a strong correlation between CV-SDR and nine factors (P<0.05), except the number of practicing physicians, amount of kcal per day. There was a strong correlation between DDD/TID and nine factors (P<0.05), except the unemployment rate and amount of kcal per day. Association between an increase in the use of medicines and a decrease in CV-SDR was stronger in the case of higher alcohol consumption, higher number of available beds in hospitals and the lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the strong negative correlation between CV medicine utilization and CV mortality in all countries. The strong correlation was found between CV-SDR and nine factors, also between the use of CV medicines and nine factors. The impact of factors on the medicines induced decrease in CV-SDR showed the stronger influence in case of lower unemployment, higher alcohol consumption and higher number of beds for hospitalization.
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this ecological study was to evaluate whether any changes in cardiovascular (CV) medicine utilization, population, socioeconomic and health system factors were associated with CV mortality in Lithuania, Sweden and Norway in 2003-2012. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CV drug utilization was calculated using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose (DDD) methodology and expressed as a number of DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DDD/TID). The CV age-standardized death rate (CV-SDR) and risk factors data were obtained from the WHO, EUROSTAT, and FAOSTAT databases. The multiple linear regression model was used for modeling outcome measures - the relationship between the CV-SDR and CV medicine utilization including socioeconomic (GDP, unemployment and divorce rate), population (alcohol consumption, smoking and amount of kcal per day, consumption of fruit and vegetables, health status self-evaluation) and health system factors (number of hospital beds, practicing physicians and health care expenditure). RESULTS: The higher CV medicine utilization in Sweden (307-455 DDD/TID, P<0.001) and Norway (306-394 DDD/TID, P<0.001) was associated with a definite decline in CV-SDR (in Norway from 215 to 146 and in Sweden from 233 to 174). In Lithuania, the increasing but lower consumption of CV medicines (135-360 DDD/TID, P<0.001) and twice higher CV-SDR (from 541 to 447) was registered. A significant inverse correlation was observed between CV-SDR and DDD/TID. We found a strong association between the DDD/TID and the CV-SDR (R2=0.67, P<0.001). There was a strong correlation between CV-SDR and nine factors (P<0.05), except the number of practicing physicians, amount of kcal per day. There was a strong correlation between DDD/TID and nine factors (P<0.05), except the unemployment rate and amount of kcal per day. Association between an increase in the use of medicines and a decrease in CV-SDR was stronger in the case of higher alcohol consumption, higher number of available beds in hospitals and the lower unemployment rate. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the strong negative correlation between CV medicine utilization and CV mortality in all countries. The strong correlation was found between CV-SDR and nine factors, also between the use of CV medicines and nine factors. The impact of factors on the medicines induced decrease in CV-SDR showed the stronger influence in case of lower unemployment, higher alcohol consumption and higher number of beds for hospitalization.