Multi-element determination of metals and metalloids in waters and wastewaters, at trace concentration level, using electroanalytical stripping methods with environmentally friendly mercury free-electrodes: A review.

Nowadays, water is no longer regarded as an inexhaustible resource and the excessive release and proliferation of toxic metal(loid)s into aquatic environments has become a critical issue. Therefore, fast, accurate, simple, selective, sensitive and portable methodologies to detect multiple elements in natural waters is of paramount importance. Electrochemical stripping analysis is an efficient tool for trace metal(loid)s determinations and bring new prospects for answering the current environmental concerns. This review presents a survey of the advancements made between 2003 and 2016 on the development and application of non-toxic mercury free electrodes on the simultaneous analysis of metals and metalloids in waters and wastewaters by means of electroanalytical stripping techniques. The advantages, limitations, improvements and real applications of these "green" sensors are discussed from a critical point of view.