Investigational drugs in phase II clinical trials for primary biliary cholangitis.

INTRODUCTION: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease that may lead to biliary fibrosis, and eventually cirrhosis. The primary treatment for PBC is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), which has favorably altered its natural history. However, up to 40% of patients have an inadequate response to UDCA, and are therefore at high risk of liver-related complications. Obeticholic acid has recently been approved for use in patients with PBC with inadequate response or who are intolerant to UDCA, but improvement in long-term outcomes has not yet been demonstrated. Alternative therapeutic options for PBC are needed. Areas covered: Recent advances in research including epidemiological, genetic and pre-clinical studies in animal models of PBC have yielded numerous agents currently at different stages of development for treatment of patients with PBC; in this review, we cover novel therapies that were recently or are recently being investigated in phase II clinical trials. Expert opinion: Despite the evolving landscape in PBC, the main challenges facing development of novel therapies remain the rarity of the disease and the limitations to design and conduct of controlled clinical trials in PBC, which are needed to determine the long-term effects of novel therapies on the clinical outcomes of PBC.