Effects of river-lake interactions in water and sediment on phosphorus in Dongting Lake, China.

As a large river connected lake, Dongting Lake is influenced by anthropogenic activities and the discharge from its upstream tributaries in the lake basin and by the water recharge via a connection to the Yangtze River (YR) outside the basin. This makes the lake phosphorous cycle more complex than that in other disconnected lakes. Here, we calculated section fluxes and ran a hydrodynamic model to investigate the phosphorus (P) variations in response to the changing interactions in the water and sediment between the YR, four tributaries, and the lake. Results show that particulate P was the dominant form with a significant linear relationship with suspended sediment (r 2 = 0.906). The sediment input reduction from the YR through three water inlets, which is closely related to the Three Gorges Reservoir operation since 2003, led to a decrease in the total P (TP) concentration in the western Dongting Lake. However, the impact and range of this decrease were fairly limited. Compared with the limited effect of the YR, the raised TP flux from the Yuanjiang tributary controlled the TP concentration at the outlet of the western Dongting Lake. Apart from the influence of the YR and the tributaries, anthropogenic activities (sand dredging) in the eastern Dongting Lake also contributed to a high TP concentration around the S10 area through sediment resuspension. We suggest that, compared with the reduction in TP flux and sediment load from the connected Yangtze River outside the basin, the elements within the basin (increased TP input from tributaries and sand dredging) have a greater effect on the variations of TP in Dongting Lake.