Emily A Southmayd1, Adelaide C Hellmers1, Mary Jane De Souza2. 1. Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA. 2. Women's Health and Exercise Laboratory, 104 Noll Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physiology, College of Health and Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA. mjd34@psu.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to summarize our current knowledge surrounding treatment strategies aimed at recovery of bone mass in energy-deficient women suffering from the Female Athlete Triad. RECENT FINDINGS: The independent and interactive contributions of energy status versus estrogen status on bone density, geometry, and strength have recently been reported, highlighting the importance of addressing both energy and estrogen in treatment strategies for bone health. This is supported by reports that have identified energy-related features (low body weight and BMI) and estrogen-related features (late age of menarche, oligo/amenorrhea) to be significant risk factors for low bone mineral density and bone stress injury in female athletes and exercising women. Nutritional therapy is the recommended first line of treatment to recover bone mass in energy-deficient female athletes and exercising women. If nutritional therapy fails after 12 months or if fractures or significant worsening in BMD occurs, pharmacological therapy may be considered in the form of transdermal estradiol with cyclic oral progestin (not COC).
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to summarize our current knowledge surrounding treatment strategies aimed at recovery of bone mass in energy-deficientwomen suffering from the Female Athlete Triad. RECENT FINDINGS: The independent and interactive contributions of energy status versus estrogen status on bone density, geometry, and strength have recently been reported, highlighting the importance of addressing both energy and estrogen in treatment strategies for bone health. This is supported by reports that have identified energy-related features (low body weight and BMI) and estrogen-related features (late age of menarche, oligo/amenorrhea) to be significant risk factors for low bone mineral density and bone stress injury in female athletes and exercising women. Nutritional therapy is the recommended first line of treatment to recover bone mass in energy-deficient female athletes and exercising women. If nutritional therapy fails after 12 months or if fractures or significant worsening in BMD occurs, pharmacological therapy may be considered in the form of transdermal estradiol with cyclic oral progestin (not COC).
Entities:
Keywords:
Amenorrhea; Bone mineral density; Combined oral contraception; Disordered eating; Energy deficiency; Female athlete triad
Authors: Elizabeth Sienkiewicz; Faidon Magkos; Konstantinos N Aronis; Mary Brinkoetter; John P Chamberland; Sharon Chou; Kalliopi M Arampatzi; Chuanyun Gao; Anastasia Koniaris; Christos S Mantzoros Journal: Metabolism Date: 2011-07-07 Impact factor: 8.694
Authors: W Köpp; W F Blum; S von Prittwitz; A Ziegler; H Lübbert; G Emons; W Herzog; S Herpertz; H C Deter; H Remschmidt; J Hebebrand Journal: Mol Psychiatry Date: 1997-07 Impact factor: 15.992
Authors: G Abbate Daga; S Campisi; E Marzola; G Rocca; C Peris; C Campagnoli; A Peloso; S Vesco; R Rigardetto; S Fassino Journal: Eat Weight Disord Date: 2011-09-26 Impact factor: 4.652