Positive psychological well-being and health in patients with heart disease: a brief review.

Poor psychological health (e.g., depression and anxiety) is prospectively associated with adverse cardiac outcomes. In contrast, there is increasing evidence that positive psychological constructs like happiness, optimism and gratitude are independently and prospectively linked to better health behaviors and superior cardiac prognosis in people with and without heart disease. However, a critical question is whether such positive states and traits are modifiable. Recent studies of systematic positive psychology interventions designed to promote well-being have shown promise in patients with heart disease, and more data are needed to learn whether these interventions are effective and whether they can be broadly applied to impact public health.