Sandra L Kane-Gill1, Joseph F Dasta, Mitchell S Buckley, Sandeep Devabhakthuni, Michael Liu, Henry Cohen, Elisabeth L George, Anne S Pohlman, Swati Agarwal, Elizabeth A Henneman, Sharon M Bejian, Sean M Berenholtz, Jodie L Pepin, Mathew C Scanlon, Brian S Smith. 1. 1Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Critical Care Medicine, Biomedical Informatics and Clinical Translational Science Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. 2Department of Pharmacy, UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA. 3Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, The Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus, OH. 4Department of Pharmacy, Banner University Medical Center Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ. 5Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD. 6Department of Pharmacy, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT. 7Department of Pharmacy Services, Touro College of Pharmacy, New York, NY. 8Kingsbrook Jewish Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY. 9UPMC-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, PA. 10Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL. 11Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Inova Children's Hospital, Falls Church, VA. 12College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA. 13Inova Fairfax Hospital, Falls Church, VA. 14Departments of Anesthesia/CCM and Surgery, and Health Policy & Management, Johns Hopkins Schools of Medicine and Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. 15Department of Pharmacy, Seton Medical Center Williamson, Round Rock, TX. 16Department of Pediatrics and Critical Care Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 17Children's Hospital of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI. 18Department of Pharmacy, UMass Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To provide ICU clinicians with evidence-based guidance on safe medication use practices for the critically ill. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science for relevant material to December 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Based on three key components: 1) environment and patients, 2) the medication use process, and 3) the patient safety surveillance system. The committee collectively developed Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions and quality of evidence statements pertaining to medication errors and adverse drug events addressing the key components. A total of 34 Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions, five quality of evidence statements, and one commentary on disclosure was developed. DATA EXTRACTION: Subcommittee members were assigned selected Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions or quality of evidence statements. Subcommittee members completed their Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation of the question with his/her quality of evidence assessment and proposed strength of recommendation, then the draft was reviewed by the relevant subcommittee. The subcommittee collectively reviewed the evidence profiles for each question they developed. After the draft was discussed and approved by the entire committee, then the document was circulated among all members for voting on the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation. DATA SYNTHESIS: The committee followed the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to determine quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline evaluates the ICU environment as a risk for medication-related events and the environmental changes that are possible to improve safe medication use. Prevention strategies for medication-related events are reviewed by medication use process node (prescribing, distribution, administration, monitoring). Detailed considerations to an active surveillance system that includes reporting, identification, and evaluation are discussed. Also, highlighted is the need for future research for safe medication practices that is specific to critically ill patients.
OBJECTIVE: To provide ICU clinicians with evidence-based guidance on safe medication use practices for the critically ill. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, CINAHL, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science for relevant material to December 2015. STUDY SELECTION: Based on three key components: 1) environment and patients, 2) the medication use process, and 3) the patient safety surveillance system. The committee collectively developed Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions and quality of evidence statements pertaining to medication errors and adverse drug events addressing the key components. A total of 34 Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions, five quality of evidence statements, and one commentary on disclosure was developed. DATA EXTRACTION: Subcommittee members were assigned selected Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome questions or quality of evidence statements. Subcommittee members completed their Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation of the question with his/her quality of evidence assessment and proposed strength of recommendation, then the draft was reviewed by the relevant subcommittee. The subcommittee collectively reviewed the evidence profiles for each question they developed. After the draft was discussed and approved by the entire committee, then the document was circulated among all members for voting on the quality of evidence and strength of recommendation. DATA SYNTHESIS: The committee followed the principles of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system to determine quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: This guideline evaluates the ICU environment as a risk for medication-related events and the environmental changes that are possible to improve safe medication use. Prevention strategies for medication-related events are reviewed by medication use process node (prescribing, distribution, administration, monitoring). Detailed considerations to an active surveillance system that includes reporting, identification, and evaluation are discussed. Also, highlighted is the need for future research for safe medication practices that is specific to critically illpatients.
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