Studies on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile: Part 3.

This is the final report on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region (Región VIII) in south-central Chile where collections were made in 2001-2003. Reported in this paper are one species new to South America, four species new to Chile and 16 species new to the Region. With these new additions the total number of taxa in the Bío-Bío Region is 343, corresponding to 331 species and 12 infraspecific taxa. A complete checklist of the mosses for all the provinces in the Region is presented.

Introduction

This is the final paper on the moss flora of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile, reporting the identifications for the specimens collected by R.R. Ireland and Gilda Bellolio in 2001–2003. Two earlier papers by Ireland et al. (2006, 2010) reported many mosses new for the Region, as well as for all of Chile. In the present paper are reports for one PageBreakspecies new for South America, four new for Chile and 16 new for the Bío-Bío Region. All collection numbers are those of the two authors and the identifications were made by R.R. Ireland and Juan Larraín, with the exception of some problematic specimens that were identified by various other bryologists.

The original checklist of the mosses by He (1998) reported 190 taxa for the Region which was later updated by Müller (2009a, b) who reported 315 taxa. This number was subsequently increased to 323 taxa by Ireland et al. (2010). The total number of taxa now known for the Bío-Bío Region is 343, which is the current number reported in the present paper.

Since the publication of the first paper of this series on the Bío-Bío moss flora (Ireland et al. 2006), the administrative division of Chile has slightly changed, modifying the map given in the latter reference. In October 2007, two new regions were created after the breakup of the former I and X Regions: Region XV (Arica y Parinacota) became the northernmost region after splitting of the former I Region, whereas Region XIV (Los Ríos) was created to separate the administration of Valdivian area from the rest of the former Los Lagos Region (X Region, see Fig. 1).

Figure 1.

Left. Map of Chile showing in black the location of Bío-Bío Region (VIII) and the rest of Chilean Regions in Roman numerals (RM=Metropolitan Region). Right. Detail of Bío-Bío Region map showing the four provinces (A=Arauco, B=Bío-Bío, C=Concepción, N=Ñuble).

Methods

Phytogeographic information, climate and geomorphology for the four provinces (Arauco, Bío-Bío, Concepción, Ñuble) in the Region are all reported in the first paper of this project by Ireland et al. (2006). Voucher specimens of most of the collections are at CONC, MO and US, with many at NY. All numbers listed below correspond to specimens collected by Robert R. Ireland and G. Bellolio, unless otherwise indicated.

For the taxonomy we follow Müller (2009a), with the exception of the genus for which we followed the segregates outlined in Spence (2014). Segregates of are not recognized as suggested by Larraín et al. (2013). Synonyms are indicated for taxa treated under a different name in Müller (2009a) or on the Internet at www.tropicos.org.

For the biogeographical analysis, we grouped the taxa into seven groups: “Endemic” meaning taxa distributed in Chile, adjacent Argentina, sometimes extending into the Falkland Islands, South Georgia or the Juan Fernández Islands; “Wide Distribution” meaning taxa distributed in several continents or without a clear geographical pattern; “Southern Hemisphere” refers to widely distributed subantarctic species sometimes reaching tropical areas in the Andes or in South East Asia; “Bipolar” meaning taxa distributed in the temperate areas of both hemispheres; “Neotropical” meaning taxa widely distributed in Latin America and the Caribbean, including some species restricted to South America; “Gondwanic” referring to taxa distributed in southern South America and New Zealand and Australia; and “Neotropical + African” meaning taxa distributed both in the tropical and/or subtropical areas of both Latin America and Africa.

Results

Moss new to South America and Chile

(Renauld & Cardot) F.D.Bowers – Arauco Prov., Sta. Aurora farm (Mininco), . alt. ca. 486 m, 33513 (Det. B.H. Allen 2014); road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, , alt. PageBreakca. 990 m, 33095, 33109; Mocha Island, trail in National Park, , alt. ca. 15–350 m, 33124; Lincuyin, W of Lanalhue Lake, , alt. ca. 250 m, 33464, 33465; Hwy. P-80-R, 13 km E of Antiquina, , alt. 531 m, 33552; 4 km W of Mahuique, , alt. ca. 590 m, 33596; road from Contulmo to Purén, 2 km S of Contulmo, , alt. ca. 410 m, 33640, 33648.

Known only from Central America (Costa Rica and Honduras) according to B.H. Allen (MO) and specimens cited in Tropicos.

Mosses new to Chile

Cardot – Ñuble Prov., road to garbage dump, 6 km E of Quirihue, , alt. ca. 570 m, 32347a (det. by J.R. Spence 2016).

Known only from Mexico and Bolivia (Ochi 1980).

(Schreber) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., waterfalls at toll booth near Sta. Juana, 1 km S of Curali, , alt. ca. 135 m, 33934 (det. J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) that has been often lumped together with or with (Hedw.) G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb. (Zolotov 2000). Not previously reported for Chile.

(Taylor) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – Bío-Bío Prov., Jaujau Farm (Mininco), , alt. ca. 760 m, 35465 (det. J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) not previously reported for Chile.

(Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence – Ñuble Prov., Termas de Chillán & environs, , alt. ca. 1660 m, 30585, 30617 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

A widely distributed taxon (Spence 2014) not previously reported for Chile.

Mosses new to Bío-Bío Region of Chile

Thér. – Ñuble Prov., road from Quirihue to Cobquecura, , alt. ca. 360 m, 32300; road to Trapiche, 6 km NW of San Carlos, , alt. ca. 290 m, 34772 (mixed with (Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano; both specimens det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported from Regions V and XII (Müller 2009a).

(Thér.) J.A.Jiménez – Ñuble Prov., Río Diguillín, Los Mañios, ca. 10 km SE of Recinto, , alt. ca. 500 m, 30759 (mixed with (Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano; det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported from Regions V, RM & VII (Müller 2009a). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

(Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum – Concepción Prov., Nonguén Valley, CORFO farm, , alt. ca. 102 m, 31326 (det. by J.A. Jiménez 2010).

Reported for Region IX & Juan Fernández Is. (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the continental Chile distribution of this taxon.

Thér. – Arauco Prov., Lanalhue Lake, 6 km S of Hwy. P-70, , alt. ca. 33 m, 33447; Hullinco Falls, , alt. ca. 130 m, 33662. Bío-Bío Prov., road from Tumeco to Florida, 2 km N from Hwy. 0–50, , alt. ca. 190 m, 32053. Concepción Prov., road from Santa Juana to La Laja, 19 km SE of Santa Juana, , alt. ca. 135 m, 32879; Ñuble Prov., road to garbage dump, 12 km E of Quirihue, , alt. ca. 350 m, 32352 (all det. by J.R. Spence 2014–2016).

Previously known only from the type from Valparaíso Region (V). The name appeared after its synonymization under Besch. made by Ochi (1980). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

E.B.Bartram – Bío-Bío Prov., National Park Lake Laja, Los Barros Military Base, , alt. ca. 1500 m, 34115. Ñuble Prov., Shangri-La, old German refuge, , alt. ca. 1350 m, 34462 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Previously known only from the type from Tierra del Fuego (Region XII). The name appeared after its synonymization under Sw. made by Ochi (1982). These records represent a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Herzog & Thér. – Arauco Prov., Mocha Island, , alt. ca. 25 m, 33182. Bío-Bío Prov., Saltillo del Itata, small falls on Itata River, , alt. ca. 210 m, 34940 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions IX (Ochi 1982), and XI (Larraín 2016).

Cardot & Broth. – Concepción Prov., road from Santa Juana to La Laja, 1 km E of Santa Juana, , alt. ca. 50 m, 32852 (det. by J.R. Spence 2016).

Reported for Metropolitan Region (Müller 2009a). This record represents a southern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

(Hedw.) Loeske – Arauco Prov., Road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, , alt. 990 m, 33096. Bío-Bío Prov., 37.7 km S of El Barco Lake, , alt. ca. 950 m, 34249. Concepción Prov., Universidad de Concepción campus, behind Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas building, , alt. ca. 30 m, Larraín 32760 (det. by J. Larraín 2010).

Reported for Regions IX, X and XIV (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon in Chile.

Mitt. – Arauco Prov., Road from Curanilahue to Trongol, 19 km SE of Curanilahue, , alt. 990 m, 33092.

Reported for Regions IX – XII & XIV (Müller 2009a).

(Mont.) Paris & Schimp. – Concepción Prov., Reserva Nacional Nonguén, by trail next to Nonguén river, , alt. ca. 300 m, Larraín 32750 (det. by J. Larraín 2016).

Reported for Regions VII, and XIV-XI (Müller 2009a).

(Mitt.) Ochyra – Concepción Prov., Patahual, , alt. ca. 56.8 m, 30408; Lonco & Villuco, , alt. ca. 15 m, 31025; Quebrada Honda, , alt. ca. 104 m, 31689 (det. J. Larraín 2008); road to Las Pataguas, 3 km N from Hwy. 148, , alt. ca. 222 m, 31761, 31764; road from Hualqui to Quilacoya, 5 km S of Hualqui, , alt. ca. 107 m, 32081; road from Dichato to Burca, 3 km N of Dichato, , alt. ca. 89 m, 32219. Ñuble Prov., road from La Achira to Trehuaco, , alt. ca. 410 m, 32519; Colmuvao, , alt. 19 m, 32778.

Reported for Regions II‒VI, RM, & XII (Müller 2009a).

(Taylor) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., Caleta Chome, Punta Hualpén, , alt. ca. 36 m, 31983. Ñuble Prov., Cayumanque hill, , alt. ca. 483 to 792 m, 31550 (both det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions IV, V & IX (as Taylor by Müller 2009a).

(Bruch & Schimp.) J.R.Spence – Concepción Prov., Park “Jorge Alessandri” (Compañia Manufacturera de Papeles y Cartones), , alt. ca. 200-490 m, 32819 (det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Regions VII & X (as Bruch ex DeNot by Müller 2009a).

(Welw. & Duby) Ochyra – Ñuble Prov., Las Trancas, , alt. ca. 1300 m, 35912 (det. by J.R. Spence 2014).

Reported for Region IV & South Chile (as Welw. & Duby by Müller 2009a).

(Thér.) R.H.Zander – Ñuble Prov., Los Cipreses Farm, , alt. ca. 1010 m, 35838, 35842; Las Trancas, , alt. ca. 1300 m, 35893.

Reported from Regions V, VII, IX – XII (Müller 2009a, Larraín 2016).

(Dusén) R.H.Zander – Bío-Bío Prov., Las Perlas Lake, 15 km NW of Cabrero, , alt. ca. 300 m, 35954 (det. by R.H. Zander – reported in Tropicos).

Reported from Regions X & XII (Müller 2009a). This record represents a northern extension of the distribution of this taxon.

Checklist of the mosses of the Bío-Bío Region of Chile

+++ New to South America; ++ New to Chile; + New to Bío-Bío Region (Región VIII); * Excluded from Chile; ** Excluded from Bío-Bío Region. (Provinces of the Bío-Bío Region represented by the following letters: A=Arauco; B=Bío-Bío; C=Concepción; N=Ñuble). All new provincial records since Ireland et al. (2010) paper, list the province in bold print indicating the corresponding voucher(s) in parenthesis.

Müll.Hal. – C

(Schwägr.) H.Rob. – B

(Besch.) Matteri – A, B, C, N

var. (Matteri) Matteri – B, C

(Mont.) Mitt. – A, B, N

(Hedw.) Schimp. – C, N

(Hornsch.) Cufod. – A, B, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) Crosby – A, B, C, N

Hook.f. & Wilson – B

Hedw. – N

Hedw. – A, B, N

Harv. – B, N

(Schrad. ex G.Gaertn., B.Mey. & Scherb.) Schimp. – A, B, C, N

(Mont.) Müll.Hal. – B, C, N

(Brid.) M.Stech, T.Pfeiff. & W.Frey – A, B

Herzog & Thér. – B (35459), C

Hedw. – C

+ Thér. – N (32300, 34772)

B.H.Allen & Ireland – A, N

subsp. (Brid.) Fransén – N

Schimp. ex Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Müll.Hal. – A, B, N

* Mont. – N (misidentified specimens that are all –see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

Brid. – A, B, C, N

Schimp. – A, B, C, N

Harv. – A, B, C, N

(Dozy & Molk.) Bosch & Sande Lac. – C

(Hook.) A.Jaeger – B, N (Syn. Hook.)

(Hampe) A.Jaeger – N

Broth. – C

(E.B.Bartram) Ignatov & Huttunen – N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Ignatov & Huttunen – A, B, N

(Hedw.) Schimp. – N

(Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

(Hedw.) Schimp. – A, B, N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

(Hampe) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Mitt. – B, C

(Taylor) A.Jaeger – B, N

Broth. – A, B, C, N

(Sw. ex Brid.) A.Jaeger – C

+ (Thér.) J.A.Jiménez – N (30759) Mixed with and filed in herbarium collections under this species.

+ (Müll.Hal.) H.A.Crum – C (31326)

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Brid. – N

Lorentz – C

++ Cardot – N (32347a)

+ Thér. – A (33447, 33662), B (32053, 34815, 35759), C (32879), N (32352)

Mitt. – N

Müll.Hal. – B

Cardot & Broth. – B

+ E.B.Bartram – B (34115), N (34462)

(Schwägr.) Müll.Hal. – A (33251), B

+ Herzog & Thér. – A (33182), B (34940)

Müll.Hal. – C

Thér. – C

+ Cardot & Broth. – C (32852)

+ (Hedw.) Loeske – A (33096), B (34249), C (32760 Coll. Larraín)

(Schwägr.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

(Mont.) Reimers – A, B, N

(Duby) Giese & J.-P.Frahm – A

+ Mitt. – A (33092)

subsp. (Dusén) J.-P.Frahm – B, C

(R.Br.) Wilson – A, C

(Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. – A

Müll.Hal. – A, B. C, N

(Hedw.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

Herzog ex J.-P.Frahm – C

Cardot – C, N

Brid. – A, B, C, N (30573, 30753, 30832, 32334, 32581, 34445, 34684, 35828, 36117, 36143)

Dusén – C

(Schultz) Brid. – A (32954, 33204, 36255), C, N (32387)

Mitt. – A, C, N

(F.Weber & D.Mohr) Bruch & Schimp. – A, C, N

(Mont.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

(Brid.) Cardot – A, B, C, N

var. (Cardot & Thér.) S.H.Lin – N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – N

(Hedw.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

subsp. (Reichardt) Burley – A, B, C, N

subsp. (Bruch & Schimp.) Dixon – A, B, C, N

(Broth. ex Thér.) Enroth – A, B, C, N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – N

(Mont.) Reimers – A, B, C, N

(Hedw.) Spruce – B, N, A

subsp. minor (Wilson & Hook.f.) Ochyra – A, B, C, N

Mont. – A, B, C, N

(Dusén) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

(Dozy & Molk.) M.Menzel – A, C

* Mitt. – A, B, N (considered a synonym of Griff. by P. Majestyk 2011).

Griff. – A (33520) (det. Majestyk (2011) from MO specimen cited in publication).

** Taylor – A, B (reported by He (1998) as Mitt. but unable to confirm specimens which were not cited).

(Sm.) Hook. & Taylor – A (33611) (det. Majestyk (2011) from MO specimen cited in publication).

* Mitt. – A, B (considered a synonym of Taylor by Majestyk 2011).

(Sull.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

+ (Mont.) Paris & Schimp. – C (32750 Coll. Larraín)

(M.Fleisch.) Paris & Schimp. ex Thér. – A, C

(Brid. ex Hedw.) Broth. – A, B

(Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

* (Müll.Hal.) Broth. – C (excluded from Chile—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 44).

(Müll.Hal.) Cardot – A (33219), B, C, N (31068a, 36218)

(Hook.) Cardot – A, B (Syn. (Hook.) Mitt.).

(Brid.) Paris – A, C

(De Not.) Ochyra & Matteri – A, B

(Broth.) Broth. – A

(Dusén) Broth. – A, B

var. (Dusén) Thér. – A

(Hook. & Grev.) R.H.Zander – A (33179, C, N (32536, 34720)

R.H.Zander – B

(Müll.Hal.) J.A.Jiménez & Cano – A (33156, 33159, 33673), B, C, N

Hedw. – A, B, N

(Brid.) R.H.Zander – B, C

(Crosby) Magombo – A

(Lorentz) Mitt. – N

(Mont.) Mitt. – A (33114), B, N (31556)

(Müll.Hal.) F.Muell. – A, B, N

(Duby) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

Cardot & Broth. – N

(Müll.Hal.) Hampe – A, B, N

(Hedw.) Warnst. – B

(Schimp.) Hedenäs – C, N (Syn. (Schimp.) C.E.O.Jensen).

Müll.Hal. – B, N

(Müll.Hal.) Ochyra & Żarnowiec – A, B, C, N (Syn. Müll.Hal.).

(Herzog) Ochyra & Żarnowiec – B (Syn. Herzog).

(Grev.) Brid. – A, B, C, N (Syn. Grev.).

Hedw. – B

(Taylor) Mitt. – B, C

(Mitt.) Fife – C

Hook.f. – A, C, N (32721, 34919)

Mont. – A, B

(Mont.) Mont. – A, B, C, N

(Brid.) Bruch & Schimp. – N

(Mont.) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

(Lorentz) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

Cardot – N

(Brid.) Brid. – A, B, C, N

(Brid.) Brid. – B, C, N

var. (Sull.) W.R.Buck – B

Taylor – A, B, C, N

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

var. (Wilson) Pursell – A, B (34818, 34857, 34944), C, N (30614, 30647)

var. (Sw.) Broth. – A, B (34814, 34884, 34954, 34983, 35053, 35072, 35229, 35522, 35697, 35704, 35742, 35769) C, N (34600, 35798, 35799, 35969)

Mont. – A, B, C, N (32301)

Hornsch. – A, B, C, N

Mont. – A

Hook.f. & Wilson – A, B, C, N

Hook.f. & Wilson – A, B, C, N

Mitt. – B, C

Müll.Hal. – C

var. (Dusén) Brugg.-Nann. & Pursell – B, C

Hedw. – C

(Thér.) Thér. – C, N

* Thér. – C (identification of this species by Ireland & Bellolio 31631 was reidentified as Thér. according to Cuvertino et. al. 2012).

Thér. – C

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

(Hedw.) J.R.Spence & H.R.Ramsay – C (Syn. Hedw.).

(Thér.) J.R.Spence – C (Syn. Thér.).

(Hampe) Broth. – A, B, C, N

(Brid.) Brid. – B, N

Müll.Hal. – B, N

* Sm. – B, C, N (excluded from South America by Cano & Jiménez 2013).

Nees & Hornsch. – A (33193), B, C, N

* (Müll.Hal.) Wijk & Margad. – C, N (considered a synonym of by Cano and Jiménez 2013).

(Broth.) Broth. – B

(Lorentz) G.L.Merr. – A, C, N

(P.Beauv.) Dixon – B, N

(Besch.) R.H.Zander – A (31261, 33555, 33651, 33670), C, N (Syn. Dusén).

(Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Ochyra – N

(Hook.) N.E.Bell, A.E.Newton & D.Quandt – A, B, C, N (Syn. (Hook.) Manuel).

Mitt. ex A.Jaeger & Sauerb. – A, B, C, N

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

var. Brid. – A, B, N

Müll.Hal. – B, C

(Schimp.) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – B (35236), C, N (34743) (Syn. (Schimp.) Müll.Hal.).

(Hook.f. & Wilson) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – A, B (Syn. Hook.f. & Wilson).

(Hedw.) Z.Iwats. – B

(Kunze ex Schwägr.) Lorentz – A, B, C, N

(Hedw.) Ochyra – A, B, C

(Hedw.) Wilson – N

(Hedw.) Warnst. – B, N

(Hedw.) F.Weber & D.Mohr – A, B, C, N

Herzog – A

R.Br. – A, B, N

Hook. & Arn. – A, C, N

Schwägr. – A, B, C, N

(Mont.) Wijk & Margad. – A, B, C, N

(Hook.) Mitt. – A, B, N

Mitt. – A, B, C, N

(Cardot & Broth.) B.H.Allen – A, B, C

(Hook.) Mitt. – A, N

(Thér.) D.Quandt, Huttunen, Tangney & M.Stech – A, B, C, N (Syn. (Thér.) Tangney).

(Hook.) Wilson – A, B

(Müll.Hal.) Grout – A, B, C, N

Lorentz – A, B, C, N (34703)

Lorentz – N

Müll.Hal. – A, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) B.H.Allen – A, C, N

Schimp. ex Mont. – A, B, C, N

Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

(Cardot) G.L.Sm. – B

(Dicks.) Schwägr. – B

(Hook. & Arn.) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

(Wilson) Schwägr. ex B.S.G. – B, C, N

* (Hook.) B.S.G. – A, B, C, N (reported by Ireland et al. 2006 from all 4 provinces but all collections are , which were misidentified).

* Mitt. – N (reported by Ireland et al. 2006, but misidentified specimen 30686 is and misreported specimen 30687 is ).

Cardot & Broth. – B, N

Müll.Hal. – B, N

Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Dusén ex Lewinsky – A, B, C, N

Lewinsky – N

Schimp. ex Mitt. – B, C (32891), N

Goffinet, W.R.Buck & M.A.Wall – B, N (30686)

Bosw. – B

Müll.Hal. – B, C, N

Lewinsky – N

Wilson – N

Lewinsky – B

cf. Mitt. – B, N

Dusén ex Lewinsky – B

Schleich. ex Schwägr. – B, N

Lewinsky – A, B, C, N

Lewinsky & Deguchi – A, B, C

(Wilson) A.Jaeger – B, C (Syn. Wilson).

(Dism.) H.A.Crum & Steere – C

Matteri – C (reported by Jimenez et al. 2014)

(Müll.Hal.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

Müll.Hal. – A, B, N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Braithw. – A, B, C, N

(Hook. & Wilson) Mitt. – A, B, N

Broth. – C

Müll.Hal. – A

(Hedw.) Schimp. – N

Mitt. – C

Cardot – B

(Mitt.) Ochyra & Bedn.-Ochyra – A, B, N

* Herzog – C, N (excluded from Chile—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 44, both collections, 31527 & 31965, are ).

(Mont.) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger ex Paris – C, N (Syn. Dusén).

subsp. (Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) Hyvönen – B, C, N (Syn. (Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) Mitt.).

(Mont.) A.J.Shaw – A, B, C, N

(Hedw.) Lindb. – A, B, C, N

(Hedw.) Lindb. – A, N

(F.Weber & D.Mohr) A.L.Andrews – A, B, C, N

+ (Mitt.) Ochyra – C (30408, 31025, 31689, 31761, 32081, 32219), N (32519, 32778)

(Hedw.) G.L.Sm. – N

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Scherb. ex Hedw. – A, B, N

Menzies ex Brid. – N

(Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – A, B, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – N

(Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – A, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) M.Fleisch. – B, C (31959), N

Thér. – B, N

(Dozy & Molk.) Mitt. – A, B, C

(Hampe) Mitt. – A, B, C, N

(Schultz) R.H.Zander – B, C, N

(Broth.) M.J.Cano – C

(Brid.) Z.Iwats. – A

(Thér.) Broth. – C

(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger – A, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) Kindb. – A

++ (Schreber) J.R.Spence – C (33934)

++ (Taylor) J.R.Spence & H.P.Ramsey – B (35465)

++ (Sw. ex Brid.) J.R.Spence – N (30585, 30617)

(Cardot & Broth.) Holyoak & N.Pederson – C (Syn. Cardot & Broth.).

(Hedw.) J.R.Spence – N (Syn. (Hedw.) Turner).

* (Taylor) A.Jaeger – A, B, N (excluded from Chile flora—see Larraín 2012).

* (Hook.f. & Wilson) Wilson – N (excluded from Chile flora—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

(Mont.) Lorentz – A, B, N (Syn. (Mont.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N (Syn. (Müll.Hal.) Vitt & C.Marsh; Syn. Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

* (Hedw.) Brid. – B (excluded from Chile flora—see Larraín 2012).

(Müll.Hal.) A.Jaeger – A, B, N (Syn. (Müll.Hal.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

(Müll.Hal.) Paris – N (Syn. (Müll.Hal.) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Hook.f. & Wilson – B, N (Syn. (Hook.f. & Wilson) Bedn.-Ochyra & Ochyra).

Müll.Hal. – B, N (Syn. Cardot).

(Schwägr.) Ångström – A, C

Thér. – C

(Dicks.) Lindb. – C

(Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. – A, C

(Hedw.) M.Fleisch. – A, C

(Mitt.) Broth. – C

(Mont.) Broth. – A, B, C, N

(Mont.) Broth. – A (Syn. (Mont.) Mitt.).

(Mitt.) A.Jaeger – C

Zomlefer – A, B, C, N

(Müll.Hal.) Paris – A, B, C, N

Kunze ex Schwägr. – A, C, N

Dusén – C, N

Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

(Schwägr.) A.Jaeger – A, B, C, N

(Schwägr.) J.R.Spence – A, B, C, N (Syn. Schwägr.).

+ (Taylor) J.R.Spence – C (31983), N (31550) (Syn. Taylor).

(Hedw.) J.R.Spence – B (34950), C (Syn. Hedw.).

+ (Bruch & Schimp.) J.R.Spence – C (32819) (Syn. Bruch & Schimp.).

+ (Welw. & Duby) Ochyra – N (35912) (Syn. Welw. & Duby)

(Renauld & Cardot) Wheldon – N

(Hedw.) Loeske – B, N

(Mont.) Margad. – A, B, C, N

var. Matteri – C

(Hedw.) Bruch & Schimp. – B, C, N

(Brid.) Podp. – B, C, N

(Hook.f. & Wilson) B.Bremer – B, N

(E.B.Bartram) Deguchi – N

(E.B.Bartram) A.J.Shaw – N

(Hedw.) Ignatov & Huttunen – N

(Mitt.) A.Jaeger – B, N

+++ (Renauld & Cardot) F.D.Bowers – A (33095, 33109, 33464, 33465, 33513, 33552, 33596, 33640, 33648)

Wilson – A, N (as Dozy & Molk.—see Ireland et al. 2010, p. 43).

* Dozy & Molk. – N (excluded from Chile— see above).

Brid. – A

var. (Lindb.) Warnst. – A (reported by Ireland et al. (2006). Dick Andrus observed specimens at CONC (33090, 33091, 33093) and concluded they belong to an undescribed taxon in section ).

cf. Nees – A

(Brid.) Müll.Hal. – C

(Lorentz) Ochyra & Matteri – A, B, N (Syn. (E.B.Bartram) Ochyra & Matteri; Syn. E.B.Bartram).

(Mont.) M.J.Cano & M.T.Gallego – A (31213, 33022, 33029, 33402, 33450, 33574, 33689), B, C (30896, 32880, 34010, 34035), N (32625, 32637, 32658, 32693)

+ (Thér.) R.H.Zander – N (35838, 35842, 35893)

(Broth. ex Dusén) R.H.Zander – A, B (34842), C, N

(Taylor) Ochyra – A (33661, 33676), B, C, N

(Kunze ex Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

Brid. – A, B (32048, 35020, 35204), C, N

(Wilson) Jur. – A, C

(De Not.) Mitt. – B

(Dusén) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

(Hook. & Grev.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C, N

var. (Lightowlers) R.H.Zander – C, N

(Hedw.) F.Weber & D.Mohr – A, B, N

(Dusén) R.H.Zander – A (33181, 33784), B (34293, 35202), C, N

(Müll.Hal.) R.H.Zander – A, B, C (32092, 32112, 32182), N (32437, 32552, 32689, 34639, 35774)

(Hook. & Grev.) M.J.Cano – A, B, C, N

+ (Dusén) R.H.Zander – B (35954)

(Thér.) Herzog – A (32963, 33247, 33575, 33679), B, C (30941, 31464, 31931, 31936, 32082, 32133, 32143, 32158, 32159, 32164, 32181, 32256, 32256a, 32258, 32274, 32280, 32881, 33855, 34009, 34032, 34041, 34042), N

(Hornsch.) W.R.Buck – C

(Sw. ex Hedw.) I.Sastre – A, B, C, N

(Broth.) Broth. – A

(Hook.f. & Wilson) M.Fleisch. – A

(Hook.f. & Wilson) Broth. – A, B, N

(Hedw.) Limpr. – B

Thér. – A, C, N

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

Mitt. – C

(Hedw.) Mitt. – B, C

Broth. ex Dusén – C

Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

fo. (Dusén) Herzog – C

Dixon & Malta – A, N

(Mitt.) A.Jaeger – A, B, N

(Mont.) Ochyra – A, B, C, N

(Schimp.) Loeske – A

Hedw. – A, B, C, N

(Schwägr.) Dixon – A

(Hedw.) Broth. – A

(Dusén) R.H.Zander – A (32960, 33453, 33728), B, N

var. (Müll.Hal.) Calabrese – A, B, C, N

Hook. – A (Syn. (Hook.) Goffinet)

Mont. – A, B, C, N

(Mont.) Müll.Hal. – A, B, C, N

Biogeographical analyses of the Bío-Bío mosses

From the biogeographical analyses of the taxa found in the Bío-Bío Region, 39.65% of the taxa are endemic to southern South America and adjacent areas, 24.19% of the taxa are bipolar, 13.7% are Southern Hemispheric taxa, 10.2% correspond to Neotropical taxa, 4.95% are Gondwanic taxa, and only 2.91% of the taxa are shared between southern South America, the Neotropics and Africa (Fig. 2).

Figure 2.

Proportion of the biogeographic components in the total moss flora of Bío-Bío Region.

In terms of the distribution of mosses within the Bío-Bío Region, we have seen that the most diverse province is Ñuble with 226 taxa, followed by Bío-Bío Province (210), Concepción Province (200), and Arauco Province (197). These numbers may change with the more collecting still needed in all the four provinces.

Discussion

After the examination of more than 6,000 collections from Bío-Bío Region, a total of 343 moss taxa are reported in this paper. This number represents a major increase from the 190 taxa reported by He (1998) in the last checklist done before the beginning of this project. Several taxa had to be reevaluated, several names had to be changed and updated due to recent revisionary studies made by colleagues worldwide, and some taxa previously reported for the region had to be excluded from the Bío-Bío moss flora. A number of our colleagues identified difficult groups, like the Pottiaceae (María Jesús Cano, Mayte Gallego, Juan Jiménez, Richard Zander), (Ron Pursell †), Bryaceae (John Spence), Dicranaceae (J.-P. Frahm †), and , (Bruce Allen).

As it has been noted elsewhere (Seki 1974, Villagrán et al. 2003, Larraín 2005, 2016), the dominating biogeographical component in any central or southern Chile PageBreakregion corresponds to the endemic element, reaching almost the 40% of taxa for the mosses of the Bío-Bío region. The second most represented element is the widely distributed species, that includes several recently introduced taxa or species mostly associated with human disturbances. As it happens in other regions of Chile with the mosses, it is interesting that the Southern Hemisphere plus the Gondwanic elements sum up almost twice the number of taxa that shows a southern South America-Neotropical distribution. Finally, there is a small number of species (n=10) shared between southern South America and the African continent.

Three taxa are still troublesome for us but they have been included in the list. One of these is , a species that has been excluded from the Southern Hemisphere by both Vitt (1980) and Murray (2006). The latter authors suggest that the records reported as from the Southern Hemisphere might correspond to Hook.f. & Wilson or some other taxon with ecostate leaves. Another doubtful taxon is , reported for the first time for Chile by Mitten (1869), as (Sm.) Mitt. from Cape Horn, and subsequently reported several times by other authors (Müller 2009a). This taxon is not even mentioned in the monograph of Plagiotheciaceae for the Flora Neotropica project (Buck and Ireland 1989), and presently it is considered to be a boreal taxon. The third problematic taxon is , a widespread Neotropical species whose type was apparently collected in Chile by Chamisso (judging from the label of the type), but it has never been found again in Chile. It is possible that the original specimen of Chamisso was mislabeled and collected somewhere else along the South American coast.