Advances and Challenges in Cardiovascular Gene Therapy.

Many promising cardiovascular gene therapy approaches have failed to fulfill expectations in clinical trials. However, 20 years of research and method development has laid a solid groundwork for future therapies, and the need for new treatment options still exists. The safety of gene therapy has been established with various viral vectors, transgenes and delivery methods. Improving success in clinical settings requires careful consideration of the translational process. This requires both improving animal models and preclinical end points, and new approach in patient recruitment and selection of clinical end points. This review focuses on bidirectional translationality from bench to bedside and back and proposes ways to improve the process. Developing a highly complex new therapy has taken an enormous amount of work and resources, but perhaps now after the hard lessons cardiovascular gene therapy is ready become a clinical reality.