Seasonal variation and potential source regions of PM2.5-bound PAHs in the megacity Beijing, China: Impact of regional transport.

Based on the 12-hour PM2.5 samples collected in an urban site of Beijing, sixteen PM2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured to investigate the characteristics and potential source regions of particulate PAHs in Beijing. The study period included the summer period in July-August 2014, the APEC source control period during the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting in the first half of November 2014, and the heating period in the second half of November 2014. Compared to PM2.5, sum of 16 PM2.5-bound PAHs exhibited more significant seasonal variation with the winter concentration largely exceeding the summer concentration. Temperature appeared to be the most crucial meteorological factor during the summer and heating periods, while PM2.5-bound PAHs showed stronger correlation with relative humidity and wind speed during the APEC source control period. Residential heating significantly increased the concentrations of higher-ring-number (≥4) PAHs measured in PM2.5 fraction. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) analysis as well as the (3 + 4) ring/(5 + 6) ring PAH ratio analysis revealed the seasonal difference in the potential source area of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing. Southern Hebei was the most likely potential source area in the cold season. Using black carbon (BC) and carbon monoxide (CO) as the PAH tracers, regional residential, transportation and industry emissions all contributed to the PAH pollution in Beijing.