Sina Tavakoli1, Kevin Downs1, John D Short1, Huynh Nga Nguyen1, Yanlai Lai1, Paul A Jerabek1, Beth Goins1, Jakub Toczek1, Mehran M Sadeghi1, Reto Asmis2. 1. From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. 2. From the Department of Radiology (S.T.) and Department of Medicine (S.T.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology (K.D), Department of Pharmacology (J.D.S.), Department of Biochemistry (H.N.N., R.A.), Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences (Y.L., R.A.), Department of Radiology (P.A.J., B.G., R.A.), and Research Imaging Institute (P.A.J.), University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; and Section of Cardiovascular Medicine (J.T., M.M.S.) and Cardiovascular Research Center (J.T., M.M.S.), Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. asmis@uthscsa.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Despite the early promising results of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment of vessel wall inflammation, its accuracy in prospective identification of vulnerable plaques has remained limited. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake alone may not allow for accurate identification of specific macrophage activation states. We aimed to determine whether combined measurement of glucose and glutamine accumulation-the 2 most important bioenergetic substrates for macrophages-improves the distinction of macrophage inflammatory states and can be utilized to image atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Murine peritoneal macrophages (MΦ) were activated ex vivo into proinflammatory states with either lipopolysaccharide (MΦLPS) or interferon-γ+tumor necrosis factor-α (MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α). An alternative polarization phenotype was induced with interleukin-4 (MΦIL-4). The pronounced increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake distinguishes MΦLPS from MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α, MΦIL-4, and unstimulated macrophages (MΦ0). Despite having comparable levels of 2-deoxyglucose accumulation, MΦIL-4 can be distinguished from both MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α and MΦ0 based on the enhanced glutamine accumulation, which was associated with increased expression of a glutamine transporter, Slc1a5. Ex vivo autoradiography experiments demonstrated distinct and heterogenous patterns of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 14C-glutamine accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions of low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: Combined assessment of glutamine and 2-deoxyglucose accumulation improves the ex vivo identification of macrophage activation states. Combined ex vivo metabolic imaging demonstrates heterogenous and distinct patterns of substrate accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Further studies are required to define the in vivo significance of glutamine uptake in atherosclerosis and its potential application in identification of vulnerable plaques.
OBJECTIVE: Despite the early promising results of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography for assessment of vessel wall inflammation, its accuracy in prospective identification of vulnerable plaques has remained limited. Additionally, previous studies have indicated that 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake alone may not allow for accurate identification of specific macrophage activation states. We aimed to determine whether combined measurement of glucose and glutamine accumulation-the 2 most important bioenergetic substrates for macrophages-improves the distinction of macrophage inflammatory states and can be utilized to image atherosclerosis. APPROACH AND RESULTS:Murine peritoneal macrophages (MΦ) were activated ex vivo into proinflammatory states with either lipopolysaccharide (MΦLPS) or interferon-γ+tumor necrosis factor-α (MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α). An alternative polarization phenotype was induced with interleukin-4 (MΦIL-4). The pronounced increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake distinguishes MΦLPS from MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α, MΦIL-4, and unstimulated macrophages (MΦ0). Despite having comparable levels of 2-deoxyglucose accumulation, MΦIL-4 can be distinguished from both MΦIFN-γ+TNF-α and MΦ0 based on the enhanced glutamine accumulation, which was associated with increased expression of a glutamine transporter, Slc1a5. Ex vivo autoradiography experiments demonstrated distinct and heterogenous patterns of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 14C-glutamine accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions of low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice fed a high-fat diet. CONCLUSIONS: Combined assessment of glutamine and 2-deoxyglucose accumulation improves the ex vivo identification of macrophage activation states. Combined ex vivo metabolic imaging demonstrates heterogenous and distinct patterns of substrate accumulation in atherosclerotic lesions. Further studies are required to define the in vivo significance of glutamine uptake in atherosclerosis and its potential application in identification of vulnerable plaques.
Authors: Abhishek K Jha; Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang; Alexey Sergushichev; Vicky Lampropoulou; Yulia Ivanova; Ekaterina Loginicheva; Karina Chmielewski; Kelly M Stewart; Juliet Ashall; Bart Everts; Edward J Pearce; Edward M Driggers; Maxim N Artyomov Journal: Immunity Date: 2015-03-17 Impact factor: 31.745
Authors: Sriram Venneti; Mark P Dunphy; Hanwen Zhang; Kenneth L Pitter; Patrick Zanzonico; Carl Campos; Sean D Carlin; Gaspare La Rocca; Serge Lyashchenko; Karl Ploessl; Daniel Rohle; Antonio M Omuro; Justin R Cross; Cameron W Brennan; Wolfgang A Weber; Eric C Holland; Ingo K Mellinghoff; Hank F Kung; Jason S Lewis; Craig B Thompson Journal: Sci Transl Med Date: 2015-02-11 Impact factor: 17.956
Authors: C Stefanadis; L Diamantopoulos; C Vlachopoulos; E Tsiamis; J Dernellis; K Toutouzas; E Stefanadi; P Toutouzas Journal: Circulation Date: 1999-04-20 Impact factor: 29.690
Authors: Hong S Lu; Ann Marie Schmidt; Robert A Hegele; Nigel Mackman; Daniel J Rader; Christian Weber; Alan Daugherty Journal: Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol Date: 2018-10 Impact factor: 8.311