John E Pachankis1, Mark L Hatzenbuehler, Rigmor C Berg, Percy Fernández-Dávila, Massimo Mirandola, Ulrich Marcus, Peter Weatherburn, Axel J Schmidt. 1. *Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT; †Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; ‡Department of Community Medicine, University of Tromso, Tromso, Norway; §Centre d'Estudis Epidemiològics sobre les Infeccions de Transmissió Sexual i Sida de Catalunya, Stop Sida, Barcelona, Spain; ‖Department of Pathology, Infectious Diseases Section, Verona University Hospital, Verona, Italy; ¶Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany; #Sigma Research, Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; and **Infectious Diseases Division, Swiss Federal Office of Public Health, Bern, Switzerland.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) might be particularly likely to migrate to experience freedoms unavailable in their home countries. Structural stigma (eg, laws and policies promoting the unequal treatment of oppressed populations) in MSM migrants' sending and receiving countries represent potential barriers to HIV prevention among this intersectional population. This study represents the first investigation of structural determinants of HIV risk in a large, geographically diverse sample of MSM migrants. DESIGN: The 2010 European MSM Internet Survey (n = 23,371 migrants) was administered across 38 European countries. METHODS: Structural stigma was assessed using (1) national laws and policies promoting unequal treatment of sexual minorities across 181 countries worldwide and (2) national attitudes against immigrants in the 38 receiving countries. We also assessed linguistic status, time since migrating, and 5 HIV-prevention outcomes. RESULTS: Structural stigma toward sexual minorities (in sending and receiving countries) and toward immigrants (in receiving countries) was associated with a lack of HIV-prevention knowledge, service coverage, and precautionary behaviors among MSM migrants. Linguistic status and time since migrating moderated some associations between structural stigma and lack of HIV prevention. CONCLUSIONS: Structural stigma toward MSM and immigrants represents a modifiable structural determinant of the global HIV epidemic.
OBJECTIVE: Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) might be particularly likely to migrate to experience freedoms unavailable in their home countries. Structural stigma (eg, laws and policies promoting the unequal treatment of oppressed populations) in MSM migrants' sending and receiving countries represent potential barriers to HIV prevention among this intersectional population. This study represents the first investigation of structural determinants of HIV risk in a large, geographically diverse sample of MSM migrants. DESIGN: The 2010 European MSM Internet Survey (n = 23,371 migrants) was administered across 38 European countries. METHODS:Structural stigma was assessed using (1) national laws and policies promoting unequal treatment of sexual minorities across 181 countries worldwide and (2) national attitudes against immigrants in the 38 receiving countries. We also assessed linguistic status, time since migrating, and 5 HIV-prevention outcomes. RESULTS:Structural stigma toward sexual minorities (in sending and receiving countries) and toward immigrants (in receiving countries) was associated with a lack of HIV-prevention knowledge, service coverage, and precautionary behaviors among MSM migrants. Linguistic status and time since migrating moderated some associations between structural stigma and lack of HIV prevention. CONCLUSIONS:Structural stigma toward MSM and immigrants represents a modifiable structural determinant of the global HIV epidemic.
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