MicroRNAs and RNA binding protein regulators of microRNAs in the control of pluripotency and reprogramming.

Post-transcriptional and translational regulations play essential roles during cellular reprogramming and in the maintenance and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) control cell cycle, glycolysis, chromatin state, survival and pluripotency of ESCs. Likewise, many miRNAs assist or act as a barrier for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Recent studies also reveal exciting new directions on miRNA functions in regulating the switch between naive and primed pluripotent states as well as the establishment of totipotent-like state. Furthermore, the biogenesis and function of pluripotency related miRNAs are regulated by various RNA binding proteins (RBPs) at different levels. Revealing the interplay between RBPs and miRNAs will advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms controlling pluripotency and provide better means to manipulate PSCs for clinical applications. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the function of miRNAs in ESCs and during reprogramming. In addition, we also discuss new directions on miRNA functions in regulating the switch between different pluripotent states and RBP-mediated regulation of miRNA biogenesis and function in pluripotency control.