Renal Artery Stenosis: New Findings from the CORAL Trial.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in the field and highlight important new insights from the Cardiovascular Outcomes in Renal Atherosclerotic Lesions (CORAL) trial regarding the optimal management of patients with renal artery stenosis (RAS). RECENT
FINDINGS: The CORAL trial demonstrated that subjects with RAS had similar outcomes whether randomized to optimal medical therapy alone or optimal medical therapy plus renal artery stenting. Subgroup analyses have failed to demonstrate that baseline blood pressure or lesion gradients can predict which subjects may have improved response after stent intervention. Importantly, urine albumin to creatinine ratio appears to different subjects that may benefit from stent intervention versus subjects that are unlikely to achieve any benefit. In addition, there was a trend toward increase benefit in subjects with greater percent stenosis. Atherosclerotic RAS is a frequent finding and is often seen in patients with resistant hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and rarely those who need renal replacement therapy. Risk factors for RAS overlap with those of generalized atherosclerosis including hyperlipidemia, smoking, hypertension, and diabetes. Patients with CAD or PVD frequently have co-existing RAS. The management of RAS has been controversial for many years. The CORAL trial provides important insights into the optimal management of subjects with RAS.