A meta-analysis of the survival-processing advantage in memory.

The survival-processing advantage occurs when processing words for their survival value improves later performance on a memory test. Due to the interest in this topic, we conducted a meta-analysis to review the literature regarding the survival-processing advantage, in order to estimate a bias-corrected effect size. Traditional meta-analytic methods were used, as well as the test of excess significance, p-curve, p-uniform, trim and fill, PET-PEESE, and selection models, to reevaluate previous effect sizes while controlling for forms of small-study-size effects. The average effect sizes for survival processing ranged between η p2 = .06 and .09 for between-subjects experiments and between η p2 = .15 and .18 for within-subjects experiments, after correcting for potential bias and selective reporting. Overall, researchers can expect to find medium to large survival-processing effects, with selective reporting and bias-correcting techniques typically estimating lower effect sizes than traditional meta-analytic techniques.