Nanocomposite hydrogels for cartilage tissue engineering: a review.

The loss of cartilaginous tissues is an important challenge to orthopaedic surgeons. Injury to cartilage tissue due to its properties is along with movement difficulties. Tissue engineering is a developing field that can be used for regeneration or replacement of damaged tissues. In this field, an appropriate scaffold that support the recruitment, adhesion, proliferation and differentiation of cells is necessary. Hydrogels recently considered as materials that resemble the extracellular matrix (ECM) and efficiently replace defective tissues, but they have limited mechanical strength. So nanomaterials are embedded in the hydrogel's matrix to improve their properties. Nanoparticles, such as organic/polymeric and inorganic (hydroxyapatite, clay, graphene and metallic nanoparticles), can be used as fillers to reinforce the hydrogel matrix. Utilizing those nanocomposites could help in better performance of hydrogels applicable in cartilage regeneration practices. This review presents some of nanocomposite hydrogel (NCH) systems that used in cartilage tissue engineering.