Katrin Hulme1, Joanna L Hudson2, Philine Rojczyk3, Paul Little4, Rona Moss-Morris5. 1. Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK; Health Psychology Department, Staffordshire University, Stoke-on-Trent, UK. Electronic address: katrin.hulme@kcl.ac.uk. 2. Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: joanna.hudson@kcl.ac.uk. 3. Psychology Department, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Netherlands. Electronic address: philine.rojczyk@gmx.de. 4. Primary Care and Population Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. Electronic address: p.little@soton.ac.uk. 5. Health Psychology Section, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, UK. Electronic address: rona.moss-morris@kcl.ac.uk.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating symptom, preceded by an acute infectious episode in some patients. This systematic review aimed to identify risk factors for the development of persistent fatigue after an acute infection, to develop an evidence-based working model of post-infectious fatigue. METHODS: Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE) were searched, from inception to March 2016, for studies which investigated biopsychosocial risk factors of on-going fatigue after an acute infection. Inclusion criteria were: prospective design; biological, psychological or social risk factors; standardised measure of post-infectious fatigue (self-report scales or clinical diagnosis). Studies were excluded if the sample had a pre-existing medical condition, infection was conceptualised as 'vaccination' or they were intervention trials. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS: Eighty-one full texts were screened, of which seventeen were included in the review. Over half included glandular fever populations. Other infections included dengue fever, 'general'/'viral' and Q-fever. Risk factors were summarised under biological, social, behavioural, cognitive and emotional subthemes. Patients' cognitive and behavioural responses to the acute illness, and pre-infection or baseline distress and fatigue were the most consistent risk factors for post-infectious fatigue. CONCLUSION: An empirical summary model is provided, highlighting the risk factors most consistently associated with persistent fatigue. The components of the model, the possible interaction of risk factors and implications for understanding the fatigue trajectory and informing preventative treatments are discussed.
OBJECTIVES:Fatigue is a prevalent and debilitating symptom, preceded by an acute infectious episode in some patients. This systematic review aimed to identify risk factors for the development of persistent fatigue after an acute infection, to develop an evidence-based working model of post-infectious fatigue. METHODS: Electronic databases (Medline, PsycINFO and EMBASE) were searched, from inception to March 2016, for studies which investigated biopsychosocial risk factors of on-going fatigue after an acute infection. Inclusion criteria were: prospective design; biological, psychological or social risk factors; standardised measure of post-infectious fatigue (self-report scales or clinical diagnosis). Studies were excluded if the sample had a pre-existing medical condition, infection was conceptualised as 'vaccination' or they were intervention trials. A narrative synthesis was performed. RESULTS: Eighty-one full texts were screened, of which seventeen were included in the review. Over half included glandular fever populations. Other infections included dengue fever, 'general'/'viral' and Q-fever. Risk factors were summarised under biological, social, behavioural, cognitive and emotional subthemes. Patients' cognitive and behavioural responses to the acute illness, and pre-infection or baseline distress and fatigue were the most consistent risk factors for post-infectious fatigue. CONCLUSION: An empirical summary model is provided, highlighting the risk factors most consistently associated with persistent fatigue. The components of the model, the possible interaction of risk factors and implications for understanding the fatigue trajectory and informing preventative treatments are discussed.
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