Yang Yang1, Aapo L Aro2, Sandeep G Nair1, Reshmy Jayaraman1, Kyndaron Reinier1, Carmen Rusinaru1, Audrey Uy-Evanado1, Hirad Yarmohammadi1, Jonathan Jui3, Sumeet S Chugh4. 1. Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. 2. Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California; Heart and Lung Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 3. Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon. 4. Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Electronic address: sumeet.chugh@cshs.org.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes is independently associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), with a need to identify novel methods for risk stratification. Diabetic patients can develop autonomic dysfunction that has been associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmogenesis and manifests as reduced heart rate variability (HRV). However, previously published studies have not accounted for resting heart rate (HR), important from both pathophysiological and prognosticating standpoints. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate autonomic remodeling of the sinus node response in SCA and diabetes while accounting for HR. METHODS: We performed a case-control study in SCA cases (age 35-59 years; 2002-2014) from the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (catchment population ∼1 million), and archived 12-lead electrocardiograms recorded prior to the SCA event were compared with those of geographic controls. Short-term HRV was calculated from digitized 10-second electrocardiograms by using established methods. We analyzed 313 subjects (mean age 52.0 ± 5.5 years; 216 men, 69.0%) and compared 4 groups: 111 diabetic (49 cases, 62 controls) and 202 nondiabetic (80 cases, 122 controls) subjects. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance showed an absence of the expected interaction between HRV and HR (HRV-HR) in diabetic patients with SCA (regression slope -0.008; 95% confidence interval -0.023 to 0.0071; P = .26). This finding, unique to this population of diabetic patients with SCA, was not detected using traditional HRV measures. CONCLUSION: By incorporating resting HR in this analysis, we observed that this population of diabetic patients with SCA had loss of the expected HRV-HR relationship. This potentially novel noninvasive risk measurement warrants further investigation, especially at the level of the individual patient.
BACKGROUND:Diabetes is independently associated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA), with a need to identify novel methods for risk stratification. Diabeticpatients can develop autonomic dysfunction that has been associated with an increased risk of ventricular arrhythmogenesis and manifests as reduced heart rate variability (HRV). However, previously published studies have not accounted for resting heart rate (HR), important from both pathophysiological and prognosticating standpoints. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate autonomic remodeling of the sinus node response in SCA and diabetes while accounting for HR. METHODS: We performed a case-control study in SCA cases (age 35-59 years; 2002-2014) from the ongoing Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study (catchment population ∼1 million), and archived 12-lead electrocardiograms recorded prior to the SCA event were compared with those of geographic controls. Short-term HRV was calculated from digitized 10-second electrocardiograms by using established methods. We analyzed 313 subjects (mean age 52.0 ± 5.5 years; 216 men, 69.0%) and compared 4 groups: 111 diabetic (49 cases, 62 controls) and 202 nondiabetic (80 cases, 122 controls) subjects. RESULTS: Analysis of covariance showed an absence of the expected interaction between HRV and HR (HRV-HR) in diabeticpatients with SCA (regression slope -0.008; 95% confidence interval -0.023 to 0.0071; P = .26). This finding, unique to this population of diabeticpatients with SCA, was not detected using traditional HRV measures. CONCLUSION: By incorporating resting HR in this analysis, we observed that this population of diabeticpatients with SCA had loss of the expected HRV-HR relationship. This potentially novel noninvasive risk measurement warrants further investigation, especially at the level of the individual patient.
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