Alexander V Prokhorov1, Georges E Khalil1, Dawn W Foster2, Salma K Marani1, Michele Guindani3, Jose P Espada4, Maria T Gonzálvez4, Bulat Idrisov5, Artur Galimov5, Monika Arora6,7, Abha Tewari6,7, Richard Isralowitz8, Punyarat Lapvongwatana9, Natkamol Chansatitporn9, Xinguang Chen10,11, Hong Zheng12, Steve Sussman13. 1. Department of Behavioral Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas. 2. Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut. 3. Department of Statistics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California. 4. Miguel Hernández University, Elche, Valenciana. 5. Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Bashkortostan. 6. Health Promotion and Tobacco Control Public Health Foundation of India, New Delhi. 7. HRIDAY, Health Related Information Dissemination Among Youth, New Delhi. 8. Ben Gurion University, Be'er Sheva, Israel. 9. School of Public Health Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand. 10. University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. 11. Wuhan Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Hubei Sheng, China. 12. WestEd, San Francisco, San Francisco, California. 13. University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a measure of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers, the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ; seven items), has been successfully used in the United States (USA). Nonetheless, the validity and reliability of mFTQ at the international level is still needed. The current study is the first to test the validity and reliability of mFTQ in four countries: Thailand, Spain, the USA, and Russia. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, mFTQ, risk factors of nicotine dependence, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. Risk factors included age of first cigarette, frequency of alcohol use, frequency of marijuana use, and number of cigarettes smoked yesterday. Salivary cotinine was also obtained in Thailand and Spain. RESULTS: For all four countries, mFTQ exhibited a single factor structure, as supported by previous work in the USA. For all studied countries except Thailand, mFTQ presented acceptable internal reliability. Overall, risk factors of nicotine dependence have predicted mFTQ scores across countries. Frequency of alcohol use in the USA and frequency of marijuana use in Thailand and Spain were not associated with mFTQ scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: mFTQ is a single-factor measure of nicotine dependence that shows acceptable internal consistency and validity across countries. Further work can advance the scale and tailor it to different cultures. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: mFTQ can be a clinically practical international measure of nicotine dependence. This study provides initial support for the utility of the mFTQ among Thai, Spanish, American, and Russian adolescents. Further research is needed to test and advance mFTQ across cultures. (Am J Addict 2017;26:689-696).
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: As a measure of nicotine dependence among adolescent smokers, the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ; seven items), has been successfully used in the United States (USA). Nonetheless, the validity and reliability of mFTQ at the international level is still needed. The current study is the first to test the validity and reliability of mFTQ in four countries: Thailand, Spain, the USA, and Russia. METHODS: In a cross-sectional survey, mFTQ, risk factors of nicotine dependence, and sociodemographic characteristics were assessed. Risk factors included age of first cigarette, frequency of alcohol use, frequency of marijuana use, and number of cigarettes smoked yesterday. Salivary cotinine was also obtained in Thailand and Spain. RESULTS: For all four countries, mFTQ exhibited a single factor structure, as supported by previous work in the USA. For all studied countries except Thailand, mFTQ presented acceptable internal reliability. Overall, risk factors of nicotine dependence have predicted mFTQ scores across countries. Frequency of alcohol use in the USA and frequency of marijuana use in Thailand and Spain were not associated with mFTQ scores. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS:mFTQ is a single-factor measure of nicotine dependence that shows acceptable internal consistency and validity across countries. Further work can advance the scale and tailor it to different cultures. SCIENTIFIC SIGNIFICANCE: mFTQ can be a clinically practical international measure of nicotine dependence. This study provides initial support for the utility of the mFTQ among Thai, Spanish, American, and Russian adolescents. Further research is needed to test and advance mFTQ across cultures. (Am J Addict 2017;26:689-696).
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