Maartje Brouwer1, Anke Huss1, Marianne van der Mark1, Peter C G Nijssen2, Wim M Mulleners3, Antonetta M G Sas4, Teus van Laar5, Geert R de Snoo6, Hans Kromhout1, Roel C H Vermeulen7. 1. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 2. Department of Neurology, St. Elisabeth Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands. 3. Department of Neurology, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 4. Department of Neurology, Vlietland Hospital, Schiedam, The Netherlands. 5. Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. 6. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands. 7. Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Centre for Public Health Sciences and Primary Care, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: r.c.h.vermeulen@uu.nl.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Exposure to pesticides has been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), although associations between specific pesticides and PD have not been well studied. Residents of rural areas can be exposed through environmental drift and volatilization of agricultural pesticides. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the association between lifetime environmental exposure to individual pesticides and the risk of PD, in a national case-control study. METHODS: Environmental exposure to pesticides was estimated using a spatio-temporal model, based on agricultural crops around the residential address. Distance up to 100m from the residence was considered most relevant, considering pesticide drift potential of application methods used in the Netherlands. Exposure estimates were generated for 157 pesticides, used during the study period, of which four (i.e. paraquat, maneb, lindane, benomyl) were considered a priori relevant for PD. RESULTS: A total of 352 PD cases and 607 hospital-based controls were included. No significant associations with PD were found for the a priori pesticides. In a hypothesis generating analysis, including 153 pesticides, increased risk of PD was found for 21 pesticides, mainly used on cereals and potatoes. Results were suggestive for an association between bulb cultivation and PD. CONCLUSIONS: For paraquat, risk estimates for the highest cumulative exposure tertile were in line with previously reported elevated risks. Increased risk of PD was observed for exposure to (a cluster of) pesticides used on rotating crops. High correlations limited our ability to identify individual pesticides responsible for this association. This study provides some evidence for an association between environmental exposure to specific pesticides and the risk of PD, and generates new leads for further epidemiological and mechanistic research.
BACKGROUND: Exposure to pesticides has been linked to Parkinson's disease (PD), although associations between specific pesticides and PD have not been well studied. Residents of rural areas can be exposed through environmental drift and volatilization of agricultural pesticides. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to investigate the association between lifetime environmental exposure to individual pesticides and the risk of PD, in a national case-control study. METHODS: Environmental exposure to pesticides was estimated using a spatio-temporal model, based on agricultural crops around the residential address. Distance up to 100m from the residence was considered most relevant, considering pesticide drift potential of application methods used in the Netherlands. Exposure estimates were generated for 157 pesticides, used during the study period, of which four (i.e. paraquat, maneb, lindane, benomyl) were considered a priori relevant for PD. RESULTS: A total of 352 PD cases and 607 hospital-based controls were included. No significant associations with PD were found for the a priori pesticides. In a hypothesis generating analysis, including 153 pesticides, increased risk of PD was found for 21 pesticides, mainly used on cereals and potatoes. Results were suggestive for an association between bulb cultivation and PD. CONCLUSIONS: For paraquat, risk estimates for the highest cumulative exposure tertile were in line with previously reported elevated risks. Increased risk of PD was observed for exposure to (a cluster of) pesticides used on rotating crops. High correlations limited our ability to identify individual pesticides responsible for this association. This study provides some evidence for an association between environmental exposure to specific pesticides and the risk of PD, and generates new leads for further epidemiological and mechanistic research.
Authors: Timothy Anderson; Alyssa K Merrill; Matthew L Eckard; Elena Marvin; Katherine Conrad; Kevin Welle; Günter Oberdörster; Marissa Sobolewski; Deborah A Cory-Slechta Journal: Toxicol Sci Date: 2021-02-26 Impact factor: 4.849
Authors: Fangjie Cao; Christopher L Souders Ii; Veronica Perez-Rodriguez; Christopher J Martyniuk Journal: Front Genet Date: 2019-01-25 Impact factor: 4.599