Discovery of Potent Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzyme UbcH5c from α-Santonin Derivatives.

As a therapeutic target for antitumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α interventions, UbcH5c is one of the key ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes catalyzing ubiquitination during TNF-α-triggered nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation. In the present study, three series of analogues were designed and synthesized from α-santonin, and their UbcH5c inhibitory activities were screened by Western blotting and NF-κB luciferase assay. Further BIAcore, in-gel fluorescence imaging, and immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that compound 6d exhibited robust and specific inhibition of UbcH5c, exceeding that of the positive compound 1 (IJ-5). Mechanistic investigations revealed that compound 6d preferentially bound to and inactivated UbcH5c by forming a covalent adduct with its active site Cys85. Furthermore, compound 6d exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity against complete Freund's adjuvant-induced adjuvant arthritis in vivo. These findings suggest that the novel α-santonin-derived UbcH5c inhibitor 6d is a promising lead compound for the development of new antirheumatoid arthritis (RA) agent.