Neuroendocrine effects of clonidine in chronic schizophrenic patients under long-term neuroleptic therapy and after drug withdrawal: relations to psychopathology.

The sensitivity of the alpha-adrenergic hypothalamic pituitary system, as indicated by growth hormone (GH) release after clonidine (0.15 mg i.v.), was studied in nine chronic schizophrenic in-patients (study 1) under long-term neuroleptic (NL) therapy and after 5 days' drug withdrawal and in 17 chronic schizophrenic in-patients (study 2) under long-term NL therapy and after 12 days' drug withdrawal. GH response after 5- and 12-day drug-free periods did not differ significantly from that under NL treatment; however, it was significantly lower after 12 days' drug withdrawal (AUC: 319.9 +/- 445.5 ng/ml X min) compared to age- and sex-matched normal controls (579 +/- 611 ng/ml X min). The basal norepinephrine (NE) plasma levels under long-term NL therapy were significantly elevated in both studies (study 1:894 +/- 553 pg/ml; study 2:432 +/- 268 pg/ml) compared to controls (study 1:253 +/- 55 pg/ml, study 2:234 +/- 126 pg/ml), and were decreased significantly after 5 days' drug withdrawal compared to NL treatment. There was no significant correlation between age, duration of NL therapy, last daily dosage, psychopathology, and NE plasma levels and GH response. The data presented suggest hyposensitivity of alpha-adrenergic receptor function in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis after 12 days' drug withdrawal in chronic schizophrenics. The significantly elevated NE plasma levels under NL therapy indicate that there is no adaption mechanism, even after long-term treatment.