Joseph D Romano1, Neil J Cornish2. 1. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA. 2. Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA.
Abstract
We review detection methods that are currently in use or have been proposed to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We consider both Bayesian and frequentist searches using ground-based and space-based laser interferometers, spacecraft Doppler tracking, and pulsar timing arrays; and we allow for anisotropy, non-Gaussianity, and non-standard polarization states. Our focus is on relevant data analysis issues, and not on the particular astrophysical or early Universe sources that might give rise to such backgrounds. We provide a unified treatment of these searches at the level of detector response functions, detection sensitivity curves, and, more generally, at the level of the likelihood function, since the choice of signal and noise models and prior probability distributions are actually what define the search. Pedagogical examples are given whenever possible to compare and contrast different approaches. We have tried to make the article as self-contained and comprehensive as possible, targeting graduate students and new researchers looking to enter this field.
We review detection methods that are currently in use or have been proposed to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We consider both Bayesian and frequentist searches using ground-based and space-based laser interferometers, spacecraft Doppler tracking, and pulsar timing arrays; and we allow for anisotropy, non-Gaussianity, and non-standard polarization states. Our focus is on relevant data analysis issues, and not on the particular astrophysical or early Universe sources that might give rise to such backgrounds. We provide a unified treatment of these searches at the level of detector response functions, detection sensitivity curves, and, more generally, at the level of the likelihood function, since the choice of signal and noise models and prior probability distributions are actually what define the search. Pedagogical examples are given whenever possible to compare and contrast different approaches. We have tried to make the article as self-contained and comprehensive as possible, targeting graduate students and new researchers looking to enter this field.
Entities:
Keywords:
Data analysis; Gravitational waves; Stochastic backgrounds
Authors: J Abadie; B P Abbott; R Abbott; M Abernathy; T Accadia; F Acernese; C Adams; R Adhikari; P Ajith; B Allen; G S Allen; E Amador Ceron; R S Amin; S B Anderson; W G Anderson; F Antonucci; M A Arain; M C Araya; M Aronsson; K G Arun; Y Aso; S M Aston; P Astone; D Atkinson; P Aufmuth; C Aulbert; S Babak; P Baker; G Ballardin; S Ballmer; D Barker; S Barnum; F Barone; B Barr; P Barriga; L Barsotti; M Barsuglia; M A Barton; I Bartos; R Bassiri; M Bastarrika; J Bauchrowitz; Th S Bauer; B Behnke; M G Beker; A Belletoile; M Benacquista; A Bertolini; J Betzwieser; N Beveridge; P T Beyersdorf; S Bigotta; I A Bilenko; G Billingsley; J Birch; S Birindelli; R Biswas; M Bitossi; M A Bizouard; E Black; J K Blackburn; L Blackburn; D Blair; B Bland; M Blom; C Boccara; O Bock; T P Bodiya; R Bondarescu; F Bondu; L Bonelli; R Bonnand; R Bork; M Born; S Bose; L Bosi; B Bouhou; M Boyle; S Braccini; C Bradaschia; P R Brady; V B Braginsky; J E Brau; J Breyer; D O Bridges; A Brillet; M Brinkmann; V Brisson; M Britzger; A F Brooks; D A Brown; R Budzyński; T Bulik; H J Bulten; A Buonanno; J Burguet-Castell; O Burmeister; D Buskulic; C Buy; R L Byer; L Cadonati; G Cagnoli; J Cain; E Calloni; J B Camp; E Campagna; P Campsie; J Cannizzo; K Cannon; B Canuel; J Cao; C Capano; F Carbognani; S Caride; S Caudill; M Cavaglià; F Cavalier; R Cavalieri; G Cella; C Cepeda; E Cesarini; T Chalermsongsak; E Chalkley; P Charlton; E Chassande-Mottin; S Chelkowski; Y Chen; A Chincarini; N Christensen; S S Y Chua; C T Y Chung; D Clark; J Clark; J H Clayton; F Cleva; E Coccia; C N Colacino; J Colas; A Colla; M Colombini; R Conte; D Cook; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; C A Costa; J-P Coulon; D M Coward; D C Coyne; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; A M Cruise; R M Culter; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; K Dahl; S L Danilishin; R Dannenberg; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; K Das; V Dattilo; B Daudert; M Davier; G Davies; A Davis; E J Daw; R Day; T Dayanga; R De Rosa; D DeBra; J Degallaix; M del Prete; V Dergachev; R DeRosa; 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H Grote; S Grunewald; G M Guidi; E K Gustafson; R Gustafson; B Hage; P Hall; J M Hallam; D Hammer; G Hammond; J Hanks; C Hanna; J Hanson; J Harms; G M Harry; I W Harry; E D Harstad; K Haughian; K Hayama; J-F Hayau; T Hayler; J Heefner; H Heitmann; P Hello; I S Heng; A W Heptonstall; M Hewitson; S Hild; E Hirose; D Hoak; K A Hodge; K Holt; D J Hosken; J Hough; E J Howell; D Hoyland; D Huet; B Hughey; S Husa; S H Huttner; T Huynh-Dinh; D R Ingram; R Inta; T Isogai; A Ivanov; P Jaranowski; W W Johnson; D I Jones; G Jones; R Jones; L Ju; P Kalmus; V Kalogera; S Kandhasamy; J B Kanner; E Katsavounidis; K Kawabe; S Kawamura; F Kawazoe; W Kells; D G Keppel; A Khalaidovski; F Y Khalili; E A Khazanov; H Kim; P J King; D L Kinzel; J S Kissel; S Klimenko; V Kondrashov; R Kopparapu; S Koranda; I Kowalska; D Kozak; T Krause; V Kringel; S Krishnamurthy; B Krishnan; A Królak; G Kuehn; J Kullman; R Kumar; P Kwee; M Landry; M Lang; B Lantz; N Lastzka; A Lazzarini; P Leaci; J Leong; I Leonor; N Leroy; N Letendre; J Li; T G F Li; N Liguori; H Lin; P E Lindquist; N A Lockerbie; D Lodhia; M Lorenzini; V Loriette; M Lormand; G Losurdo; P Lu; J Luan; M Lubinski; A Lucianetti; H Lück; A D Lundgren; B Machenschalk; M MacInnis; M Mageswaran; K Mailand; E Majorana; C Mak; I Maksimovic; N Man; I Mandel; V Mandic; M Mantovani; F Marchesoni; F Marion; S Márka; Z Márka; E Maros; J Marque; F Martelli; I W Martin; R M Martin; J N Marx; K Mason; A Masserot; F Matichard; L Matone; R A Matzner; N Mavalvala; R McCarthy; D E McClelland; S C McGuire; G McIntyre; G McIvor; D J A McKechan; G Meadors; M Mehmet; T Meier; A Melatos; A C Melissinos; G Mendell; D F Menéndez; R A Mercer; L Merill; S Meshkov; C Messenger; M S Meyer; H Miao; C Michel; L Milano; J Miller; Y Minenkov; Y Mino; S Mitra; V P Mitrofanov; G Mitselmakher; R Mittleman; B Moe; M Mohan; S D Mohanty; S R P Mohapatra; D Moraru; J Moreau; G Moreno; N Morgado; A Morgia; T Morioka; K Mors; S Mosca; V Moscatelli; K Mossavi; B Mours; C M Mow-Lowry; G Mueller; S Mukherjee; A Mullavey; H Müller-Ebhardt; J Munch; P G Murray; T Nash; R Nawrodt; J Nelson; I Neri; G Newton; A Nishizawa; F Nocera; D Nolting; E Ochsner; J O'Dell; G H Ogin; R G Oldenburg; B O'Reilly; R O'Shaughnessy; C Osthelder; D J Ottaway; R S Ottens; H Overmier; B J Owen; A Page; G Pagliaroli; L Palladino; C Palomba; Y Pan; C Pankow; F Paoletti; M A Papa; S Pardi; M Pareja; M Parisi; A Pasqualetti; R Passaquieti; D Passuello; P Patel; D Pathak; M Pedraza; L Pekowsky; S Penn; C Peralta; A Perreca; G Persichetti; M Pichot; M Pickenpack; F Piergiovanni; M Pietka; L Pinard; I M Pinto; M Pitkin; H J Pletsch; M V Plissi; R Poggiani; F Postiglione; M Prato; V Predoi; L R Price; M Prijatelj; M Principe; R Prix; G A Prodi; L Prokhorov; O Puncken; M Punturo; P Puppo; V Quetschke; F J Raab; D S Rabeling; T Radke; H Radkins; P Raffai; M Rakhmanov; B Rankins; P Rapagnani; V Raymond; V Re; C M Reed; T Reed; T Regimbau; S Reid; D H Reitze; F Ricci; R Riesen; K Riles; P Roberts; N A Robertson; 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J R Taylor; R Taylor; P Thomas; K A Thorne; K S Thorne; E Thrane; A Thüring; C Titsler; K V Tokmakov; A Toncelli; M Tonelli; O Torre; C Torres; C I Torrie; E Tournefier; F Travasso; G Traylor; M Trias; J Trummer; K Tseng; L Turner; D Ugolini; K Urbanek; H Vahlbruch; B Vaishnav; G Vajente; M Vallisneri; J F J van den Brand; C Van Den Broeck; S van der Putten; M V van der Sluys; A A van Veggel; S Vass; R Vaulin; M Vavoulidis; A Vecchio; G Vedovato; J Veitch; P J Veitch; C Veltkamp; D Verkindt; F Vetrano; A Viceré; A E Villar; J-Y Vinet; H Vocca; C Vorvick; S P Vyachanin; S J Waldman; L Wallace; A Wanner; R L Ward; M Was; P Wei; M Weinert; A J Weinstein; R Weiss; L Wen; S Wen; P Wessels; M West; T Westphal; K Wette; J T Whelan; S E Whitcomb; D White; B F Whiting; C Wilkinson; P A Willems; L Williams; B Willke; L Winkelmann; W Winkler; C C Wipf; A G Wiseman; G Woan; R Wooley; J Worden; I Yakushin; H Yamamoto; K Yamamoto; D Yeaton-Massey; S Yoshida; P Yu; M Yvert; M Zanolin; L Zhang; Z Zhang; C Zhao; N Zotov; M E Zucker; J Zweizig Journal: Phys Rev Lett Date: 2011-12-29 Impact factor: 9.161
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S Chua; S Chung; G Ciani; F Clara; J A Clark; F Cleva; C Cocchieri; E Coccia; P-F Cohadon; A Colla; C G Collette; L Cominsky; M Constancio; L Conti; S J Cooper; T R Corbitt; N Cornish; A Corsi; S Cortese; C A Costa; E Coughlin; M W Coughlin; S B Coughlin; J-P Coulon; S T Countryman; P Couvares; P B Covas; E E Cowan; D M Coward; M J Cowart; D C Coyne; R Coyne; J D E Creighton; T D Creighton; J Cripe; S G Crowder; T J Cullen; A Cumming; L Cunningham; E Cuoco; T Dal Canton; S L Danilishin; S D'Antonio; K Danzmann; A Dasgupta; C F Da Silva Costa; V Dattilo; I Dave; M Davier; G S Davies; D Davis; E J Daw; B Day; R Day; S De; D DeBra; G Debreczeni; J Degallaix; M De Laurentis; S Deléglise; W Del Pozzo; T Denker; T Dent; V Dergachev; R De Rosa; R T DeRosa; R DeSalvo; J Devenson; R C Devine; S Dhurandhar; M C Díaz; L Di Fiore; M Di Giovanni; T Di Girolamo; A Di Lieto; S Di Pace; I Di Palma; A Di Virgilio; Z Doctor; V Dolique; F Donovan; K L Dooley; S Doravari; I Dorrington; R Douglas; M Dovale Álvarez; 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Authors: Gary P Centers; John W Blanchard; Jan Conrad; Nataniel L Figueroa; Antoine Garcon; Alexander V Gramolin; Derek F Jackson Kimball; Matthew Lawson; Bart Pelssers; Joseph A Smiga; Alexander O Sushkov; Arne Wickenbrock; Dmitry Budker; Andrei Derevianko Journal: Nat Commun Date: 2021-12-16 Impact factor: 14.919