A Planning and Guidance Platform for Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy.

Patients with drug-refractory heart failure can greatly benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). A CRT device can resynchronize the contractions of the left ventricle (LV) leading to reduced mortality. Unfortunately, 30%-50% of patients do not respond to treatment when assessed by objective criteria such as cardiac remodeling. A significant contributing factor is the suboptimal placement of the LV lead. It has been shown that placing this lead away from scar and at the point of latest mechanical activation can improve response rates. This paper presents a comprehensive and highly automated system that uses scar and mechanical activation to plan and guide CRT procedures. Standard clinical preoperative magnetic resonance imaging is used to extract scar and mechanical activation information. The data are registered to a single 3-D coordinate system and visualized in novel 2-D and 3-D American Heart Association plots enabling the clinician to select target segments. During the procedure, the planning information is overlaid onto live fluoroscopic images to guide lead deployment. The proposed platform has been used during 14 CRT procedures and validated on synthetic, phantom, volunteer, and patient data.