Ludovic Ventura 1 , Felix Carvalho 2 , Ricardo Jorge Dinis-Oliveira 1,2,3 Show Affiliations »
Abstract
BACKGROUND: New psychoactive substances (NPS), often referred to as "legal highs" or "designer drugs", are derivatives and analogues of existing psychoactive drugs that are introduced in the recreational market to circumvent existing legislation on drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to gather the state of the art regarding chemical, molecular pharmacology and toxicological information of opioid class of NPS. METHODS: Chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and clinical effects of opioid class of NPS were searched in books and in PubMed (U.S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. RESULTS: Within this class, fentanyl analogues are among the most frequently abused and pose several clinical concerns and therefore will be thoroughly discussed. Other opioid sub-categories of NPS frequently misused include AH-7921, MT-45, U-47700, U-50488, desomorphine, mitragynine, tramadol, tapentadol, salvinorin A and its analogue herkinorin. CONCLUSION: Due to inefficient monitoring techniques, as well as limited knowledge regarding the acute and long-term effects of opioids NPS, further clinical and forensic toxicological studies are required. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.
BACKGROUND: New psychoactive substances (NPS), often referred to as "legal highs" or "designer drugs", are derivatives and analogues of existing psychoactive drugs that are introduced in the recreational market to circumvent existing legislation on drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review aims to gather the state of the art regarding chemical, molecular pharmacology and toxicological information of opioid class of NPS. METHODS: Chemical, pharmacological, toxicological and clinical effects of opioid class of NPS were searched in books and in PubMed (U .S. National Library of Medicine) without a limiting period. RESULTS: Within this class, fentanyl analogues are among the most frequently abused and pose several clinical concerns and therefore will be thoroughly discussed. Other opioid sub-categories of NPS frequently misused include AH-7921, MT-45, U -47700, U-50488 , desomorphine , mitragynine , tramadol , tapentadol , salvinorin A and its analogue herkinorin . CONCLUSION: Due to inefficient monitoring techniques, as well as limited knowledge regarding the acute and long-term effects of opioids NPS, further clinical and forensic toxicological studies are required. Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.org.
Entities: Chemical
Keywords:
AH-7921; MT-45; New psychoactive substances; U-47700; U-50488; desomorphine; fentanyl analogs; herkinorin; mitragynine; pharmacodynamics.; pharmacokinetics; salvinorin A; tapentadol; toxicity; tramadol
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Substances： See more »
Year: 2018
PMID： 28676005 DOI： 10.2174/1874467210666170704110146
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Curr Mol Pharmacol ISSN： 1874-4672 Impact factor: 3.339