Wnt signaling pathway protein LEF1 in cancer, as a biomarker for prognosis and a target for treatment.

Transcription factors are regulatory proteins that either activate or repress the transcription of genes via binding to DNA regulatory sequences and regulating recruitment of transcriptional complexes. Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 (LEF1), a member of the T-cell Factor (TCF)/LEF1 family of high-mobility group transcription factors, is a downstream mediator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, but can also modulate gene transcription independently. LEF1 is essential in stem cell maintenance and organ development, especially in its role in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) by activating the transcription of hallmark EMT effectors including N-Cadherin, Vimentin, and Snail. Aberrant expression of LEF1 is implicated in tumorigenesis and cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. LEF1's activity in particular cancer cell types, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), Burkitt lymphoma (BL), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and colorectal cancer (CRC), makes it a valuable biomarker in predicting patient prognosis. Additionally, due to aberrant LEF1 activity resulting in cancer progression, knockdown and inhibition treatments designed to target LEF1 have proven effective in alleviating cancer growth, migration, and invasion in CLL, CRC, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). In prostate cancer cells, LEF1 promotes androgen receptor expression and activity in an androgen-independent manner, ultimately increasing prostate cancer growth regardless of androgen ablation therapy. In this review, we review LEF1 regulation, its role in tumorigenesis in several cancer types, and its clinical value as a biomarker for predicting prognoses and as a target for treatment.