Vasileios I Sakalis1, Markos Karavitakis2, Dina Bedretdinova3, Thorsten Bach4, J L H Ruud Bosch5, Mauro Gacci6, Christian Gratzke7, Thomas R Herrmann8, Stephan Madersbacher9, Charalampos Mamoulakis10, Kari A O Tikkinen11, Stavros Gravas12, Marcus J Drake13. 1. Department of Urology, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK. 2. Center of Minimal Invasive Urology Athens Medical Center, Athens, Greece. 3. French Institute of Health and Medical Research, Paris, France. 4. Department of Urology, Asklepios Hospital Harburg, Hamburg, Germany. 5. Department of Urology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands. 6. Minimally Invasive and Robotic Surgery, and Kidney Transplantation, University of Florence AOUC- Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy. 7. Department of Urology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. 8. Urology and Urological Oncology, Hanover Medical School, Hanover, Germany. 9. Department of Urology, Kaiser-Franz-Josef-Spital, Vienna, Austria. 10. Department of Urology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, University of Crete Medical School, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. 11. Departments of Urology and Public Health, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland. 12. Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece. Electronic address: sgravas2002@yahoo.com. 13. Department of Urology, University of Bristol, Bristol Urological Institute, Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK.
Abstract
CONTEXT: The treatment of nocturia is a key challenge due to the multi-factorial pathophysiology of the symptom and the disparate outcome measures used in research. OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare available therapy options for nocturia, in terms of symptom severity and quality of life. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Medical databases (Embase, Medline, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central) were searched with no date restriction. Comparative studies were included which studied adult men with nocturia as the primary presentation and lower urinary tract symptoms including nocturia or nocturnal polyuria. Outcomes were symptom severity, quality of life, and harms. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We identified 44 articles. Antidiuretic therapy using dose titration was more effective than placebo in relation to nocturnal voiding frequency and duration of undisturbed sleep; baseline serum sodium is a key selection criterion. Screening for hyponatremia (< 130 mmol/l) must be undertaken at baseline, after initiation or dose titration, and during treatment. Medications to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction (α-1 adrenergic antagonists, 5-α reductase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase type 5inhibitor, antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonist, and phytotherapy) were generally not significantly better than placebo in short-term use. Benefits with combination therapies were not consistently observed. Other medications (diuretics, agents to promote sleep, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) were sometimes associated with response or quality of life improvement. The recommendations of the Guideline Panel are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Issues of trial design make therapy of nocturia a challenging topic. The range of contributory factors relevant in nocturia makes it desirable to identify predictors of response to guide therapy. Consistent responses were reported for titrated antidiuretic therapy. For other therapies, responses were less certain, and potentially of limited clinical benefit. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review provides an overview of the current drug treatments of nocturia, which is the need to wake at night to pass urine. The symptom can be caused by several different medical conditions, and measuring its severity and impact varies in separate research studies. No single treatment deals with the symptom in all contexts, and careful assessment is essential to make suitable treatment selection.
CONTEXT: The treatment of nocturia is a key challenge due to the multi-factorial pathophysiology of the symptom and the disparate outcome measures used in research. OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare available therapy options for nocturia, in terms of symptom severity and quality of life. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Medical databases (Embase, Medline, Cochrane Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central) were searched with no date restriction. Comparative studies were included which studied adult men with nocturia as the primary presentation and lower urinary tract symptoms including nocturia or nocturnal polyuria. Outcomes were symptom severity, quality of life, and harms. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: We identified 44 articles. Antidiuretic therapy using dose titration was more effective than placebo in relation to nocturnal voiding frequency and duration of undisturbed sleep; baseline serum sodium is a key selection criterion. Screening for hyponatremia (< 130 mmol/l) must be undertaken at baseline, after initiation or dose titration, and during treatment. Medications to treat lower urinary tract dysfunction (α-1 adrenergic antagonists, 5-α reductase inhibitors, phosphodiesterase type 5inhibitor, antimuscarinics, beta-3 agonist, and phytotherapy) were generally not significantly better than placebo in short-term use. Benefits with combination therapies were not consistently observed. Other medications (diuretics, agents to promote sleep, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatories) were sometimes associated with response or quality of life improvement. The recommendations of the Guideline Panel are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Issues of trial design make therapy of nocturia a challenging topic. The range of contributory factors relevant in nocturia makes it desirable to identify predictors of response to guide therapy. Consistent responses were reported for titrated antidiuretic therapy. For other therapies, responses were less certain, and potentially of limited clinical benefit. PATIENT SUMMARY: This review provides an overview of the current drug treatments of nocturia, which is the need to wake at night to pass urine. The symptom can be caused by several different medical conditions, and measuring its severity and impact varies in separate research studies. No single treatment deals with the symptom in all contexts, and careful assessment is essential to make suitable treatment selection.
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