BACKGROUND: The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) in children due to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) despite immunoprophylaxis remains controversial and is still unknown in Japan. The aim of this study was to determine the OBI prevalence in such children in Japan and identify the genomic mutations that might be associated with the pathogenesis of OBI in children. METHODS: The data on 158 children born to HBV carrier mothers and who received complete passive-active immunoprophylaxis after birth in 2002-2014 were reviewed. HBV markers were detected using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. HBV-DNA was detected using real-time and nested polymerase chain reaction. Complete genomic sequences were determined. RESULTS: Among the 158 children studied, three had HBV MTCT: two had OBI, and one had resolved HBV infection (RBI). The prevalence of OBI and RBI was estimated to be 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively. The HBV genomes of the two OBI children were wild type and 100% identical to those of their mothers. Of these two children, one received repeated hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and developed overt HBV infection. Her HBV genome had a G145R mutation in the S gene that might have been induced by HBIG treatment. The RBI child was persistently positive for antibody to HBV core antigen (10-12 signal/cut-off ratio; S/CO). CONCLUSIONS: A low prevalence of OBI was observed in children who received immunoprophylaxis for preventing MTCT in Japan. The development of overt HBV infection in infants with OBI indicates the necessity of close and long-term monitoring.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (OBI) in children due to mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) despite immunoprophylaxis remains controversial and is still unknown in Japan. The aim of this study was to determine the OBI prevalence in such children in Japan and identify the genomic mutations that might be associated with the pathogenesis of OBI in children. METHODS: The data on 158 children born to HBV carrier mothers and who received complete passive-active immunoprophylaxis after birth in 2002-2014 were reviewed. HBV markers were detected using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. HBV-DNA was detected using real-time and nested polymerase chain reaction. Complete genomic sequences were determined. RESULTS: Among the 158 children studied, three had HBV MTCT: two had OBI, and one had resolved HBV infection (RBI). The prevalence of OBI and RBI was estimated to be 1.3% and 0.6%, respectively. The HBV genomes of the two OBI children were wild type and 100% identical to those of their mothers. Of these two children, one received repeated hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and developed overt HBV infection. Her HBV genome had a G145R mutation in the S gene that might have been induced by HBIG treatment. The RBI child was persistently positive for antibody to HBV core antigen (10-12 signal/cut-off ratio; S/CO). CONCLUSIONS: A low prevalence of OBI was observed in children who received immunoprophylaxis for preventing MTCT in Japan. The development of overt HBV infection in infants with OBI indicates the necessity of close and long-term monitoring.