Carmen Voogt1, Miriam Beusink2, Marloes Kleinjan3, Roy Otten4, Rutger Engels5, Koen Smit6, Emmanuel Kuntsche7. 1. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud niversity, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: c.voogt@bsi.ru.nl. 2. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud niversity, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: mbeusink@trimbos.nl. 3. Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: mkleinjan@trimbos.nl. 4. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud niversity, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Pluryn, Research and Development, P.O. Box 53, 6500 AB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; The REACH Institute, Arizona State University, Psychology Department, P.O. Box 876005, Tempe, AZ 85287-6005, USA. Electronic address: royotten@pluryn.nl. 5. Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of General Social Sciences, P.O. Box 80140, 3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: rengels@trimbos.nl. 6. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud niversity, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Trimbos Institute, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, P.O. Box 725, 3500 AS Utrecht, The Netherlands. Electronic address: k.smit@bsi.ru.nl. 7. Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud niversity, Nijmegen, P.O. Box 9104, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne VIC 3000, Australia; Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic address: ekuntsche@addictionsuisse.ch.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence of the impact of parental alcohol use on the acquisition of children's alcohol-related cognitions (alcohol-related knowledge, alcohol-related norms, alcohol expectancies) in the developmental period from age two to ten. METHODS: A computer-assisted systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, PsychINFO, ERIC, and EMBASE. Overall, 20 out of the 3406 unique articles identified in the first screening were included. RESULTS: The results revealed that children acquire knowledge about alcohol already at age two and from age four on, they understand its use in adult culture. By the age of four, children have certain alcohol expectancies. The evidence of the impact of parental alcohol use on the acquisition of children's alcohol-related cognitions is inconsistent so far with studies showing positive and no effects. Unfortunately, the existing evidence is limited because most studies a) were conducted exclusively in the United States and more than two decades ago, b) used cross-sectional study designs, and c) used non-representative samples recruited using convenience sampling strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Research on children's alcohol-related cognitions is underdeveloped. To elucidate the conclusions about alcohol involvement in early life, studies with longitudinal study designs need to be conducted among representative samples of children and early adolescents by using age-appropriate measurement tools in a broader cultural context.
BACKGROUND: This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence of the impact of parental alcohol use on the acquisition of children's alcohol-related cognitions (alcohol-related knowledge, alcohol-related norms, alcohol expectancies) in the developmental period from age two to ten. METHODS: A computer-assisted systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, PsychINFO, ERIC, and EMBASE. Overall, 20 out of the 3406 unique articles identified in the first screening were included. RESULTS: The results revealed that children acquire knowledge about alcohol already at age two and from age four on, they understand its use in adult culture. By the age of four, children have certain alcohol expectancies. The evidence of the impact of parental alcohol use on the acquisition of children's alcohol-related cognitions is inconsistent so far with studies showing positive and no effects. Unfortunately, the existing evidence is limited because most studies a) were conducted exclusively in the United States and more than two decades ago, b) used cross-sectional study designs, and c) used non-representative samples recruited using convenience sampling strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Research on children's alcohol-related cognitions is underdeveloped. To elucidate the conclusions about alcohol involvement in early life, studies with longitudinal study designs need to be conducted among representative samples of children and early adolescents by using age-appropriate measurement tools in a broader cultural context.
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