Stephen J Freedland1,2, Adriana C Vidal2, Lauren E Howard3, Martha K Terris4,5, Matthew R Cooperberg6,7, Christopher L Amling8, Christopher J Kane9, William J Aronson10,11. 1. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. 2. Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. 3. Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina. 4. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia. 5. Section of Urology, Department of Surgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia. 6. Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California. 7. University of California at San Francisco Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California. 8. Division of Urology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon. 9. Division of Urology, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California. 10. Urology Section, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California. 11. Department of Urology, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Black race is associated with prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis and poor outcome. Previously, the authors reported that black men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in equal-access hospitals had an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), but recurrences were equally aggressive as those occurring in white men. The authors examined the association between race and long-term outcomes after RP. METHODS: Data regarding 1665 black men (37%) and 2791 white men (63%) undergoing RP were analyzed. Using Cox models, the authors tested the association between race and BCR, BCR with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time <9 months (aggressive disease recurrence), metastases, PC-specific death, and overall death. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 102 months, 1566 men (35%) developed BCR, 217 men (5%) experienced aggressive disease recurrence, 193 men (4%) developed metastases, and 1207 men (27%) had died, 107 of whom (2%) died of PC. White men were older and had a lower preoperative PSA level, a lower biopsy and pathological grade group, and more capsular penetration but less seminal vesicle invasion and positive surgical margins versus black men (all P<.05). Black men were found to have a more recent surgery year (P<.001). On univariable analysis, black race was associated with increased BCR (P = .003) and reduced overall death (P = .017). On multivariable analysis, black race was not found to be associated with BCR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; P = .26), aggressive recurrence (HR, 1.14; P = .42), metastasis (HR, 1.24; P = .21), PC-specific death (HR, 1.03; P = .91), or overall death (HR, 1.03; P = .67). CONCLUSIONS: Among men undergoing RP at equal-access centers, although black men were found to have an increased risk of BCR, they had similar risks of aggressive disease recurrence, metastasis, and PC-specific death compared with white men, and the risk of BCR was found to be similar after controlling for risk parameters. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2017;123:4199-4206.
BACKGROUND: Black race is associated with prostate cancer (PC) diagnosis and poor outcome. Previously, the authors reported that black men undergoing radical prostatectomy (RP) in equal-access hospitals had an increased risk of biochemical disease recurrence (BCR), but recurrences were equally aggressive as those occurring in white men. The authors examined the association between race and long-term outcomes after RP. METHODS: Data regarding 1665 black men (37%) and 2791 white men (63%) undergoing RP were analyzed. Using Cox models, the authors tested the association between race and BCR, BCR with a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) doubling time <9 months (aggressive disease recurrence), metastases, PC-specific death, and overall death. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 102 months, 1566 men (35%) developed BCR, 217 men (5%) experienced aggressive disease recurrence, 193 men (4%) developed metastases, and 1207 men (27%) had died, 107 of whom (2%) died of PC. White men were older and had a lower preoperative PSA level, a lower biopsy and pathological grade group, and more capsular penetration but less seminal vesicle invasion and positive surgical margins versus black men (all P<.05). Black men were found to have a more recent surgery year (P<.001). On univariable analysis, black race was associated with increased BCR (P = .003) and reduced overall death (P = .017). On multivariable analysis, black race was not found to be associated with BCR (hazard ratio [HR], 1.07; P = .26), aggressive recurrence (HR, 1.14; P = .42), metastasis (HR, 1.24; P = .21), PC-specific death (HR, 1.03; P = .91), or overall death (HR, 1.03; P = .67). CONCLUSIONS: Among men undergoing RP at equal-access centers, although black men were found to have an increased risk of BCR, they had similar risks of aggressive disease recurrence, metastasis, and PC-specific death compared with white men, and the risk of BCR was found to be similar after controlling for risk parameters. Longer follow-up is needed to confirm these findings. Cancer 2017;123:4199-4206.
Authors: H S Kim; D M Moreira; J Jayachandran; L Gerber; L L Bañez; R T Vollmer; A L Lark; M J Donovan; D Powell; F M Khan; S J Freedland Journal: Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis Date: 2011-04-26 Impact factor: 5.554
Authors: Zakaria Y Abd Elmageed; Krzysztof Moroz; Sudesh K Srivastav; Zhide Fang; Byron E Crawford; Krishnarao Moparty; Raju Thomas; Asim B Abdel-Mageed Journal: Carcinogenesis Date: 2013-05-08 Impact factor: 4.944
Authors: Robert J Hamilton; William J Aronson; Joseph C Presti; Martha K Terris; Christopher J Kane; Christopher L Amling; Stephen J Freedland Journal: Cancer Date: 2007-11-15 Impact factor: 6.860
Authors: Eric J Whitman; Mark Pomerantz; Yongmei Chen; Michael M Chamberlin; Bungo Furusato; Chunling Gao; Amina Ali; Lakshmi Ravindranath; Albert Dobi; Isabell A Sesterhenn; Isabell A Sestrehenn; David G McLeod; Shiv Srivastava; Matthew Freedman; Gyorgy Petrovics Journal: Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev Date: 2010-01 Impact factor: 4.254
Authors: Marianne Schmid; Christian P Meyer; Gally Reznor; Toni K Choueiri; Julian Hanske; Jesse D Sammon; Firas Abdollah; Felix K H Chun; Adam S Kibel; Reginald D Tucker-Seeley; Philip W Kantoff; Stuart R Lipsitz; Mani Menon; Paul L Nguyen; Quoc-Dien Trinh Journal: JAMA Oncol Date: 2016-01 Impact factor: 31.777
Authors: Tiffany A Wallace; Robyn L Prueitt; Ming Yi; Tiffany M Howe; John W Gillespie; Harris G Yfantis; Robert M Stephens; Neil E Caporaso; Christopher A Loffredo; Stefan Ambs Journal: Cancer Res Date: 2008-02-01 Impact factor: 12.701
Authors: Christopher L Amling; Robert H Riffenburgh; Leon Sun; Judd W Moul; Raymond S Lance; Leo Kusuda; Wade J Sexton; Douglas W Soderdahl; Timothy F Donahue; John P Foley; Andrew K Chung; David G McLeod Journal: J Clin Oncol Date: 2003-12-22 Impact factor: 44.544
Authors: Adriana C Vidal; Lauren E Howard; Amanda De Hoedt; Christopher J Kane; Martha K Terris; William J Aronson; Matthew R Cooperberg; Christopher L Amling; Stanislav Lechpammer; Scott C Flanders; Stephen J Freedland Journal: Cancer Date: 2018-11-14 Impact factor: 6.860
Authors: Kagan Griffin; Ilona Csizmadi; Lauren E Howard; Gina-Maria Pomann; William J Aronson; Christopher J Kane; Christopher L Amling; Matthew R Cooperberg; Martha K Terris; Jennifer Beebe-Dimmer; Stephen J Freedland Journal: Cancer Causes Control Date: 2019-01-30 Impact factor: 2.506
Authors: Arsheed A Ganaie; Firdous H Beigh; Matteo Astone; Marina G Ferrari; Raihana Maqbool; Syed Umbreen; Aijaz S Parray; Hifzur R Siddique; Tabish Hussain; Paari Murugan; Colm Morrissey; Shahriar Koochekpour; Yibin Deng; Badrinath R Konety; Luke H Hoeppner; Mohammad Saleem Journal: Clin Cancer Res Date: 2018-08-07 Impact factor: 12.531
Authors: Elio Mazzone; Marco Bandini; Felix Preisser; Sebastiano Nazzani; Zhe Tian; Firas Abdollah; Denis Soulieres; Markus Graefen; Francesco Montorsi; Shahrokh Shariat; Fred Saad; Alberto Briganti; Pierre I Karakiewicz Journal: Can Urol Assoc J Date: 2019-06 Impact factor: 1.862
Authors: Alexander P Cole; Peter Herzog; Hari S Iyer; Maya Marchese; Brandon A Mahal; Stuart R Lipsitz; Joshua Nyambose; Susan T Gershman; Mark Kennedy; Gail Merriam; Timothy R Rebbeck; Quoc-Dien Trinh Journal: Cancer Date: 2021-05-17 Impact factor: 6.921
Authors: Neel H Patel; Jonathan Bloom; Joel Hillelsohn; Sean Fullerton; Denton Allman; Gerald Matthews; Majid Eshghi; John L Phillips Journal: Health Equity Date: 2018-05-01
Authors: Mary M Everist; Lauren E Howard; William J Aronson; Christopher J Kane; Christopher L Amling; Matthew R Cooperberg; Martha K Terris; Stephen J Freedland Journal: Urol Oncol Date: 2018-12-28 Impact factor: 2.954
Authors: Justin G Mygatt; Jennifer Cullen; Samantha A Streicher; Huai-Ching Kuo; Yongmei Chen; Denise Young; William Gesztes; Grant Williams; Galen Conti; Christopher Porter; Sean P Stroup; Kevin R Rice; Inger L Rosner; Allen Burke; Isabell Sesterhenn Journal: Cancer Med Date: 2020-01-21 Impact factor: 4.452
Authors: Jeff M Slezak; Stephen K Van Den Eeden; Kimberly L Cannavale; Gary W Chien; Steven J Jacobsen; Chun R Chao Journal: Cancer Med Date: 2020-09-23 Impact factor: 4.452