Combining Protein and miRNA Quantification for Bladder Cancer Analysis.

We combine the telomerase extension reaction and microRNA (miRNA)-induced rolling circle amplification, followed by graphene oxide (GO) and nicking enzyme-assisted signal amplification as a method to analyze telomerase and miRNA-21 in urine samples with the following merits. First, it is a binary assay and can simultaneously output double signals that correspond to the quantities of telomerase and miRNA, respectively. Second, telomerase activity is enhanced by using a DNA molecular beacon probe to inhibit the formation of G-quadruplex. Third, background noise is decreased significantly via introduction of GO. Fourth, performance tests on about 258 urine samples demonstrate that this binary assay can distinguish between urine from bladder cancer patients, those with cystitis, and normal individuals. Finally, this strategy also shows great potential in distinguishing between muscle-invasive bladder cancers and non-muscle-invasive bladder cancers. The proposed strategy will greatly contribute to clinical decision-making and individualized treatments.