Ganqiang Liu1, Joseph J Locascio2, Jean-Christophe Corvol3, Brendon Boot4, Zhixiang Liao1, Kara Page5, Daly Franco5, Kyle Burke5, Iris E Jansen6, Ana Trisini-Lipsanopoulos5, Sophie Winder-Rhodes7, Caroline M Tanner8, Anthony E Lang9, Shirley Eberly10, Alexis Elbaz11, Alexis Brice3, Graziella Mangone3, Bernard Ravina12, Ira Shoulson13, Florence Cormier-Dequaire3, Peter Heutink6, Jacobus J van Hilten14, Roger A Barker7, Caroline H Williams-Gray7, Johan Marinus14, Clemens R Scherzer15. 1. Neurogenomics Laboratory and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 2. Neurogenomics Laboratory and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. 3. Université Pierre et Marie Curie Paris 06 UMR S 1127, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière, Paris, France; U 1127 and Centre d'Investigation Clinique 1422, Institut National de Santé et en Recherche Médicale, Paris, France; U 7225, Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France; Département de Neurologie et de Génétique, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France. 4. Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Biomarkers Program, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA, USA. 5. Neurogenomics Laboratory and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Biomarkers Program, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA, USA. 6. Department of Medical Genomics, VU University Medical Center, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, HZ, Netherlands; German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases, Tübingen, Germany. 7. John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. 8. San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Neurology, UCSF School of Medicine, San Francisco, CA, USA. 9. Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic and the Edmond J Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, Toronto Western Hospital and the University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 10. Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA. 11. INSERM, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, U1018, Epidemiology of ageing and age related diseases, University Paris-Sud, UMRS 1018, Villejuif, France. 12. Voyager Therapeutics, Cambridge, MA, USA. 13. Program for Regulatory Science and Medicine, Department of Neurology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. 14. Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands. 15. Neurogenomics Laboratory and Parkinson Personalized Medicine Program of Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Biomarkers Program, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Boston, MA, USA. Electronic address: cscherzer@rics.bwh.harvard.edu.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Cognitive decline is a debilitating manifestation of disease progression in Parkinson's disease. We aimed to develop a clinical-genetic score to predict global cognitive impairment in patients with the disease. METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis, we built a prediction algorithm for global cognitive impairment (defined as Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] ≤25) using data from nine cohorts of patients with Parkinson's disease from North America and Europe assessed between 1986 and 2016. Candidate predictors of cognitive decline were selected through a backward eliminated Cox's proportional hazards analysis using the Akaike's information criterion. These were used to compute the multivariable predictor on the basis of data from six cohorts included in a discovery population. Independent replication was attained in patients from a further three independent longitudinal cohorts. The predictive score was rebuilt and retested in 10 000 training and test sets randomly generated from the entire study population. FINDINGS: 3200 patients with Parkinson's disease who were longitudinally assessed with 27 022 study visits between 1986 and 2016 in nine cohorts from North America and Europe were assessed for eligibility. 235 patients with MMSE ≤25 at baseline and 135 whose first study visit occurred more than 12 years from disease onset were excluded. The discovery population comprised 1350 patients (after further exclusion of 334 with missing covariates) from six longitudinal cohorts with 5165 longitudinal visits over 12·8 years (median 2·8, IQR 1·6-4·6). Age at onset, baseline MMSE, years of education, motor exam score, sex, depression, and β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutation status were included in the prediction model. The replication population comprised 1132 patients (further excluding 14 patients with missing covariates) from three longitudinal cohorts with 19 127 follow-up visits over 8·6 years (median 6·5, IQR 4·1-7·2). The cognitive risk score predicted cognitive impairment within 10 years of disease onset with an area under the curve (AUC) of more than 0·85 in both the discovery (95% CI 0·82-0·90) and replication (95% CI 0·78-0·91) populations. Patients scoring in the highest quartile for cognitive risk score had an increased hazard for global cognitive impairment compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio 18·4 [95% CI 9·4-36·1]). Dementia or disabling cognitive impairment was predicted with an AUC of 0·88 (95% CI 0·79-0·94) and a negative predictive value of 0·92 (95% 0·88-0·95) at the predefined cutoff of 0·196. Performance was stable in 10 000 randomly resampled subsets. INTERPRETATION: Our predictive algorithm provides a potential test for future cognitive health or impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. This model could improve trials of cognitive interventions and inform on prognosis. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health, US Department of Defense.
BACKGROUND:Cognitive decline is a debilitating manifestation of disease progression in Parkinson's disease. We aimed to develop a clinical-genetic score to predict global cognitive impairment in patients with the disease. METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis, we built a prediction algorithm for global cognitive impairment (defined as Mini Mental State Examination [MMSE] ≤25) using data from nine cohorts of patients with Parkinson's disease from North America and Europe assessed between 1986 and 2016. Candidate predictors of cognitive decline were selected through a backward eliminated Cox's proportional hazards analysis using the Akaike's information criterion. These were used to compute the multivariable predictor on the basis of data from six cohorts included in a discovery population. Independent replication was attained in patients from a further three independent longitudinal cohorts. The predictive score was rebuilt and retested in 10 000 training and test sets randomly generated from the entire study population. FINDINGS: 3200 patients with Parkinson's disease who were longitudinally assessed with 27 022 study visits between 1986 and 2016 in nine cohorts from North America and Europe were assessed for eligibility. 235 patients with MMSE ≤25 at baseline and 135 whose first study visit occurred more than 12 years from disease onset were excluded. The discovery population comprised 1350 patients (after further exclusion of 334 with missing covariates) from six longitudinal cohorts with 5165 longitudinal visits over 12·8 years (median 2·8, IQR 1·6-4·6). Age at onset, baseline MMSE, years of education, motor exam score, sex, depression, and β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA) mutation status were included in the prediction model. The replication population comprised 1132 patients (further excluding 14 patients with missing covariates) from three longitudinal cohorts with 19 127 follow-up visits over 8·6 years (median 6·5, IQR 4·1-7·2). The cognitive risk score predicted cognitive impairment within 10 years of disease onset with an area under the curve (AUC) of more than 0·85 in both the discovery (95% CI 0·82-0·90) and replication (95% CI 0·78-0·91) populations. Patients scoring in the highest quartile for cognitive risk score had an increased hazard for global cognitive impairment compared with those in the lowest quartile (hazard ratio 18·4 [95% CI 9·4-36·1]). Dementia or disabling cognitive impairment was predicted with an AUC of 0·88 (95% CI 0·79-0·94) and a negative predictive value of 0·92 (95% 0·88-0·95) at the predefined cutoff of 0·196. Performance was stable in 10 000 randomly resampled subsets. INTERPRETATION: Our predictive algorithm provides a potential test for future cognitive health or impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease. This model could improve trials of cognitive interventions and inform on prognosis. FUNDING: National Institutes of Health, US Department of Defense.
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