Satoko Sakata1,2, Jun Hata1,3,2, Masayo Fukuhara4, Koji Yonemoto5, Naoko Mukai1,3,2, Daigo Yoshida1,3, Hiro Kishimoto1,3, Toshio Ohtsubo2, Takanari Kitazono3,2, Yutaka Kiyohara6, Toshiharu Ninomiya1,3. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University. 2. Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University. 3. Center for Cohort Studies, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University. 4. Division of General Internal Medicine, Kyushu Dental University. 5. Advanced Medical Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus. 6. Hisayama Research Institute for Lifestyle Diseases.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The association of morning and evening home blood pressures (HBPs) with carotid atherosclerosis has been uncertain in general populations, so we aimed to investigate it in a general Japanese population.Methods and Results: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2,856 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥40 years to examine the association of morning and evening HBPs with carotid mean intima-media thickness (IMT). The age- and sex-adjusted geometric averages of carotid mean IMT increased significantly with increasing morning HBP (optimal: 0.67 mm; normal: 0.69 mm; high normal: 0.72 mm; grade 1 hypertension: 0.74 mm; and grade 2+3 hypertension: 0.76 mm) and with increasing evening HBP (0.68 mm, 0.71 mm, 0.73 mm, 0.76 mm, and 0.78 mm, respectively) (both P for trend <0.001). These associations remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Likewise, both isolated morning hypertension (morning HBP ≥135/85 mmHg and evening HBP <135/85 mmHg) and isolated evening hypertension (evening HBP ≥135/85 mmHg and morning HBP <135/85 mmHg) as well as sustained hypertension (both morning and evening HBP ≥135/85 mmHg) were significantly associated with thicker mean IMT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that both morning and evening HBPs were significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis in this general Japanese population.
BACKGROUND: The association of morning and evening home blood pressures (HBPs) with carotid atherosclerosis has been uncertain in general populations, so we aimed to investigate it in a general Japanese population.Methods and Results: We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2,856 community-dwelling individuals aged ≥40 years to examine the association of morning and evening HBPs with carotid mean intima-media thickness (IMT). The age- and sex-adjusted geometric averages of carotid mean IMT increased significantly with increasing morning HBP (optimal: 0.67 mm; normal: 0.69 mm; high normal: 0.72 mm; grade 1 hypertension: 0.74 mm; and grade 2+3 hypertension: 0.76 mm) and with increasing evening HBP (0.68 mm, 0.71 mm, 0.73 mm, 0.76 mm, and 0.78 mm, respectively) (both P for trend <0.001). These associations remained significant even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. Likewise, both isolated morning hypertension (morning HBP ≥135/85 mmHg and evening HBP <135/85 mmHg) and isolated evening hypertension (evening HBP ≥135/85 mmHg and morning HBP <135/85 mmHg) as well as sustained hypertension (both morning and evening HBP ≥135/85 mmHg) were significantly associated with thicker mean IMT. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that both morning and evening HBPs were significantly associated with carotid atherosclerosis in this general Japanese population.
Entities:
Keywords:
Atherosclerosis; Epidemiology; Home blood pressure; Intima-media thickness