Maintenance of epidural labour analgesia: The old, the new and the future.

Neuraxial analgesia is considered the gold standard in labour analgesia, providing the most effective pain relief during childbirth. Improvements have enhanced the efficacy and safety of epidural analgesia through better drugs, techniques and delivery systems. This review describes the history of epidural labour analgesia and recent improvements in labour epidural analgesia. We discuss the role of the combined spinal epidural technique, low-concentration local anaesthetic-opioid epidural solutions, patient-controlled epidural analgesia, and programmed intermittent or automated mandatory boluses in the maintenance of epidural labour analgesia. We also review the newer interactive techniques for drug delivery, such as computer-integrated patient-controlled epidural analgesia and variable frequency automated mandatory bolus. Finally, we discuss future clinical research developments, including the use of data analytics and long-term outcomes associated with childbirth pain management.