Winston Koo1,2, Hilary Tice1,3. 1. Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA. 2. Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA. 3. Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Louisiana, Monroe, Louisiana, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Use of multinutrient fortifiers is standard of care for small preterm infants fed exclusively human milk. However, adequacy of human milk fortifiers (HMFs) to meet the recommended intake for macronutrients and micronutrients is now known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nutrient content of human milk fortified according to manufacturer's recommendations was compared at isocaloric levels for 1 human milk-based (HMF-A), 2 bovine milk protein-based (HMF-B, HMF-C), and 2 preterm infant formulas (PTF-B, PTF-C). In addition, 4 multivitamin supplements were compared. RESULTS: At 130 kcal/kg, intake of macronutrients was similar to the recommendation, although deficient and excess intake of micronutrient occurred with all fortifiers. Four to 9 micronutrients were absent in HMF or PTF (biotin, choline, inositol, carnitine, taurine, molybdenum, iodine, selenium, or chromium). For the remainder, HMF resulted in deficient intake for 1-13 micronutrients, occurring most frequently with HMF-A. Excess micronutrients (3-15 at <50% and 1-3 at 109%-437%) occurred with all HMF and most frequently with HMF-B and HMF-C. At 150 kcal/kg, deficient intake improved but generally remained below recommendation, while excess intake became exaggerated. PTF and multivitamin formulations do not fully compensate for the deficiencies and can result in extremely high micronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: At the recommended energy intake for very low birth weight infants, many micronutrients are absent or are present in grossly inadequate amounts, and several micronutrients are in excess. Reformulation of HMF is urgently needed since PTF or multivitamin supplement only partially corrects some deficiencies while providing some nutrients in excess.
BACKGROUND: Use of multinutrient fortifiers is standard of care for small preterm infants fed exclusively humanmilk. However, adequacy of humanmilk fortifiers (HMFs) to meet the recommended intake for macronutrients and micronutrients is now known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nutrient content of humanmilk fortified according to manufacturer's recommendations was compared at isocaloric levels for 1 humanmilk-based (HMF-A), 2 bovinemilk protein-based (HMF-B, HMF-C), and 2 preterm infant formulas (PTF-B, PTF-C). In addition, 4 multivitamin supplements were compared. RESULTS: At 130 kcal/kg, intake of macronutrients was similar to the recommendation, although deficient and excess intake of micronutrient occurred with all fortifiers. Four to 9 micronutrients were absent in HMF or PTF (biotin, choline, inositol, carnitine, taurine, molybdenum, iodine, selenium, or chromium). For the remainder, HMF resulted in deficient intake for 1-13 micronutrients, occurring most frequently with HMF-A. Excess micronutrients (3-15 at <50% and 1-3 at 109%-437%) occurred with all HMF and most frequently with HMF-B and HMF-C. At 150 kcal/kg, deficient intake improved but generally remained below recommendation, while excess intake became exaggerated. PTF and multivitamin formulations do not fully compensate for the deficiencies and can result in extremely high micronutrient intake. CONCLUSIONS: At the recommended energy intake for very low birth weight infants, many micronutrients are absent or are present in grossly inadequate amounts, and several micronutrients are in excess. Reformulation of HMF is urgently needed since PTF or multivitamin supplement only partially corrects some deficiencies while providing some nutrients in excess.
Authors: Mariana M Oliveira; Davi C Aragon; Vanessa S Bomfim; Tânia M B Trevilato; Larissa G Alves; Anália R Heck; Francisco E Martinez; José S Camelo Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-02-20 Impact factor: 3.240
Authors: Ashley John; Ruichen Sun; Lisa Maillart; Andrew Schaefer; Erin Hamilton Spence; Maryanne T Perrin Journal: PLoS One Date: 2019-01-25 Impact factor: 3.240