Autopolyploidy leads to rapid genomic changes in Arabidopsis thaliana.

Polyploidy is a widespread feature of plant genomes. As a typical model of polyploidy, autopolyploidy has been postulated evolutionary dead ends and received little attention compared with allopolyploidy. For the limited data available so far, the evolutionary outcome of genome diversity in autopolyploids remains controversial in comparison with its diploid ancestors. In the present study, the effects of autopolyploidy on genome diversity were revealed at a genome-wide scale by comparative analyses of polymorphism between Arabidopsis autopolyploids (autotetraploids and autotriploids) and related diploids within the first ten successive inbred generations using amplified fragment length polymorphism. The results showed that in contrast with diploids, the rapid genomic changes (including gain and loss of DNA sequences) in autopolyploids were definitely found within the first generations after autopolyploidization, but slow down and probably stabilized in the higher generations as a source of genetic diversity in the long term. The sequencing of these DNA fragments indicated that these changes occurred both on genic and inter-genic (or intronic) regions, and quantitative PCR showed that the expression of some corresponding genes in the genic regions was obviously affected (including upregulation, downregulation and silencing) in autopolyploids. Therefore, this study demonstrated that autopolyploidy could lead to rapid genomic changes and probably influence expression and function of certain genes within the first generations, giving rising to genetic diversification after polyploidization.