Pulmonary manifestations of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder.

Urothelial carcinoma (Transitional cell carcinoma) of the bladder is the pre-dominant histological type of bladder cancer in the United States and Europe. Patients with bladder cancer usually present with painless hematuria. The diagnosis is often delayed, as the symptoms are similar to various other benign conditions such as urinary tract infection, prostatitis or renal calculi. In some patients, the metastatic lesions will cause the initial presenting symptoms. We conducted a MedLine/PubMED search identifying all relevant articles with "pulmonary manifestations", "urothelial bladder cancer", "manifestations of bladder cancer" or a combination of these terms in the title. The pulmonary manifestations of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder include metastatic disease including cavitary lesions, endobronchial, pleural, or lymph node metastasis pleural effusion and chylothorax. Pulmonary embolism and tumor embolism is another manifestation of this cancer. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Gurin therapy for bladder cancer has been associated with a range of adverse effects including the systemic spread of Bacilli Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy affecting the lungs. Other drugs used to treat bladder cancer can be associated with drug-related pneumonitis. Other rare manifestations include a sarcoid like reaction and systemic granulomatous disease to Bacilli Calmette-Guérin therapy. In this review we discuss the various pulmonary manifestations of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. A high index of suspicion with these presentations can lead to an early diagnosis and assist in instituting an appropriate intervention.